Böcker utgivna av American Medical Publishers

The brain is an organ, which acts as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrates. It is located inside the head, generally near the sensory organs for senses like vision. It is the most complicated organ in the body of humans. A neurological disorder refers to a type of disorder of the nervous system. A variety of symptoms can be caused by structural, electrical or biochemical abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord or other nerves. The diverse symptoms associated with neurological disorders, are muscle weakness, seizures, poor coordination, altered levels of consciousness, paralysis, pain, loss of sensation and confusion. Various interventions that can be used for neurological disorders include lifestyle changes, neurorehabilitation, medication, preventive measures, physiotherapy or other therapy, pain management, a specialized diet and surgery. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of neurological disorders. Researchers and students actively engaged in the study of these disorders will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder which primarily impacts the lungs but also affects kidneys, pancreas, intestine and liver. The major symptoms include difficulty in breathing and coughing up mucus which occurs due to frequent lung infections. There are several other symptoms such as fatty stool, sinus infections, clubbing of the fingers and toes, infertility in most males and poor growth. The disease is genetic and caused in an autosomal recessive manner. The disease can be diagnosed through genetic testing and sweat test. There is currently no treatment for this disease. Antibiotics are used in the treatment of lung infections that can be consumed through mouth, inhaled and given intravenously. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the symptoms and management of cystic fibrosis. It also aims to shed light on some of the causes and methods of diagnosis for this disease. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers engaged in the study of this medical condition.

Cancer is referred to as a type of disease characterized by the growth of aberrant cells that divide irrepressibly and have the capacity to invade and destroy normal body tissue. It has the potential to spread throughout the body. Cancer is caused by epigenetic and genetic changes which enable cells to proliferate and evade mechanisms that would usually control their migration and survival. These numerous changes map to signaling pathways that regulate cell growth and division, cell motility, cell fate and cell death. They can be interpreted in the context of larger signaling network distortions that fuel the progression of cancer, including inflammation, modifications to the tumor microenvironment and angiogenesis. The majority of cancers start in epithelial cells and manifest as carcinomas in organs like the breast, pancreas, lung, liver and skin. This book contains some path-breaking studies on cancer cell signaling. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Cancer refers to a type of condition when certain cells in the body grow non-stop and spread to other body parts. It can be treated through a variety of therapeutic approaches, which are selected on the basis of the type and stage of cancer. Radiation therapy, surgery, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapy are some of the traditional therapeutic approaches utilized in the treatment of cancer. Various limitations including multi-drug resistance, lack of selectivity and cytotoxicity act as significant hurdles in effective cancer treatment. The introduction of nanotechnology has transformed the field of cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nanoparticles can be utilized for treating cancer because of their unique benefits, like increased retention and permeability, biocompatibility, improved stability, precise targeting and less toxicity. This book provides comprehensive insights on cancer treatments. It provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of the current progress within this area of study. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on cancer treatments as well as for experts.

Medical imaging is the technique of producing images of the internal parts of the body. It facilitates medical intervention and clinical analysis, along with providing a visual representation of the functioning of tissues and organs. It reveals the internal structures that are covered by bones and skin, and helps in diagnosing and treating various diseases. Medical imaging makes use of various radiological and organic imaging techniques that utilize electromagnetic energies, sonography, isotope, magnetic, and thermal imaging. There are various types of medical imaging that are utilized currently for health care, including radiography, ultrasound, tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, photoacoustic imaging and echocardiography. Medical imaging is developing at a fast pace due to various developments in the techniques of image processing, including recognition, analysis and enhancement of images. Technological advancements that will contribute in presenting in depth visualization at the cell level are the future of medical imaging. This book contains some path-breaking studies on medical imaging. There has been rapid progress in this field and its applications are finding their way across multiple areas of medicine. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Neuroimmunology is a discipline of medical science that deals with the study of nervous system, neuroscience and immunology. It aims to understand the complex interplay of nervous system and immune system during development, homeostasis and injuries. The main aim of this discipline is to develop treatment, prevention methods for neurological diseases, which do not have apparent etiology. Symptoms of neuroimmunological disorders include considerably decreased capability to do regular activities, inability to talk, stand or sit straight, excessive sensitivity to light, sleep problems, and thinking and memory problems. Other common symptoms are night sweats, sore throat and muscle or joint pain. There is no treatment for these diseases but symptoms may be managed. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of neuroimmunology. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. Through it, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.

Head and neck cancers (HNCs) refer to a diverse, aggressive and genetically complicated group of malignancies. These cancers affect the salivary glands, hypopharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, oral cavity, oropharynx and paranasal sinuses. There are various symptoms of HNC, such as a sore that does not go away, and may include uncomfortable feeling in the throat or mouth, a change or hoarseness in voice quality, a lump in the neck and trouble in swallowing. The causes of HNC are linked to alcohol consumption and smoking. The consumption of tobacco results in exposure to a variety of carcinogens. The initial diagnosis of HNC is essential in establishing a patient's final prognosis because of the limited therapeutic choices for recurring and advanced malignancies. The management of HNCs is difficult and requires a multidisciplinary approach. It can be treated with systemic therapy, surgery and radiotherapy. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of head and neck oncology. Those with an interest in this medical field would find it helpful.

Oral medicine is referred to as a discipline of dentistry which is focused on the care of oral health. It is concerned with the diagnosis and management of various medical problems that affect the orofacial region. It is focused on the treatment of oral mucosal abnormalities, including temporomandibular disorders, salivary gland disorders and oral cancer. It is also concerned with the diagnosis and management of facial pain occurring due to neurologic or musculoskeletal conditions, and smell and taste disorders, along with the identification of various infectious and systematic diseases. Oral medicine is a non-surgical specialty, which includes procedures like therapeutic injections, small excisions, diagnostic biopsies, along with other minor surgical interventions. It also manages the oral and dental problems of cancer patients who have oral mucositis, oral pathology associated with radiation therapy, and bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. Various conditions that are managed by oral medicine include pemphigus vulgaris, Behçet's disease and lichen planus. This book provides comprehensive insights on clinical oral medicine. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Cardiovascular biomarkers are necessary diagnostic tools used in the clinical practices of cardiology. They are useful for the purpose of diagnosis, prognosis, and guiding the course of therapy and medication. Various biomarkers are linked to different cardiovascular conditions. Biomarkers such as natriuretic peptides and troponins are associated with heart failure and acute coronary syndrome respectively. Furthermore, galectin 3 and soluble suppression of tumorigenesis-2 are new biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases. These two biomarkers are also associated with the biomarkers of inflammation, metabolism, and fibrosis. One of the major roles of biomarkers is to identify patients who are at a high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. They help in the identification of patients who can receive disease-modifying therapies including aggressive blood pressure control, lipid-lowering therapy, and novel agents like sodium-glucose co-transport 2 inhibitors for decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This book aims to understand the clinical significance of biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this area of study. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Thyroid cancer refers to a type of cancer which grows from the tissues of the thyroid gland. It is a condition in which cells develop unusually and can spread to other parts of the body. A protrusion or swelling in the neck are its common symptoms. There are several risk factors of thyroid cancer, including a family history, radiation exposure at a young age and having an enlarged thyroid. There are four major types of thyroid cancer, namely, medullary thyroid cancer, papillary thyroid cancer, anaplastic thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer. Fine needle aspiration and ultrasound are frequently used for its diagnosis. There are several treatment options available for thyroid cancer, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, surgery, and thyroid hormone and radiation therapy. Surgery can include the removal of all or a part of the thyroid gland. This book provides comprehensive insights on thyroid cancer. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Clinical medicine is a field of medicine that deals primarily with the practice and study of medicine based on the direct examination of the patient. This field is concerned with the assessment of patients that includes diagnosis, treatment and prevention of a disease. There are a range of diagnostic devices such as stethoscope, thermometer, tongue depressor, etc. used for the physical examination of a patient. In the field of clinical medicine, a number of medical diagnostic techniques and examinations such as blood tests, biopsy, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, X-ray, etc. are performed to assess the type and severity of a disease. The data collected from tests and physical examination is used to prescribe appropriate treatments such as medications, therapies and surgeries. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about clinical medicine and healthcare. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of medicine. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Oncology refers to a branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cancer. There are four major divisions of oncology, which includes radiation oncology, medical oncology, clinical oncology and surgical oncology. Clinical oncology encompasses all non-surgical cancer treatments, such as systemic therapies and radiotherapy. The domains of clinical oncology and radiotherapy have undergone fast transformations as a result of technological advancements. Improvement in the imaging quality and computer processing power has enhanced radiotherapy, which allows the treatment to be delivered effectively, safely and efficiently for better patient outcomes. Since a cancer diagnosis may cause anxiety and distress, clinicians can also utilize a variety of interventions to provide emotional support such as SPIKES. This book explores all the important aspects of clinical oncology in the modern day. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in this field. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Nephrology is the study of kidneys which includes studying their normal function, diseases associated with them, maintaining their health, and treatment of related diseases through medication, kidney transplant, diet and dialysis procedure. Kidney transplant is the process of transplanting a healthy kidney into a patient having last stage kidney disease. It is broadly categorized as living donor or deceased donor transplantation based on the donor's source. Prior to kidney transplant, an individual with last stage kidney disease should undergo a complete medical examination for ensuring that they are healthy and can undergo organ transplant surgery. Patients who undergo kidney transplant usually live longer and have better quality of life, as compared to people who receive dialysis treatment. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of nephrology. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in kidney transplantation. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area of medicine.

Imaging is used to view inside the body for medical analysis and clinical intervention. A variety of biomedical imaging techniques are utilized for managing all stages of cancer. Imaging plays an important role in cancer clinical protocols by providing metabolic, morphological, functional and structural information. In combination with other diagnostic tools, such as in vitro fluids and tissue analysis, it contributes in clinical decision‐making. Hybrid imaging techniques are capable of supplying complementary information for enhanced planning of therapy and staging. Targeted minimally invasive and image guided therapy can decrease collateral impacts and improve outcome. Cancer imaging has several benefits, such as minimal or no invasiveness, real time monitoring, and accessibility without tissue destruction and may help in functioning over a variety of size and time scales involved in pathological and biological processes. This book contains some path-breaking studies in clinical cancer imaging. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Bacteria are a complex group of living microorganisms. They can be broadly classified on the basis of shape into different types such as cocci (spherical bacteria), bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria), and spirilla (spiral bacteria). The bacterial adhesion to a surface is a multi-step process through which single bacterial cells initially attach to the biomaterial followed by creation of biofilm, which is the primary cause of bacteria-related infections. Resin, composites, titanium alloys, and zirconia are some of the major dental biomaterials. An understanding of the interactions of the bacteria with the biomaterials is necessary for the growth of surgical intervention strategies. These strategies might be helpful in decreasing BCBIs and coatings which have the ability to prevent bacterial adhesion to biomaterials. This book unravels the recent studies on the interactions between bacteria and dental materials. It covers in detail some existent and innovative concepts revolving around the characterization of these interactions. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

The health of children can be maintained and improved through a balanced diet and regular physical activity. Young children are more likely to engage in physical activity, which is important for their physical, emotional, cognitive and social development. Healthy eating habits and physical activity behaviors during the first five years of life are critical for children's health. One of the key factors affecting immunity and growth is adequate nutrition. A well-balanced diet must include adequate amounts of vitamins, carbohydrates, fiber, proteins, minerals and fats. Each of these nutrients is essential for children's overall development and growth. Children who are physically active perform better in school and have better brain function compared to children who are less physically active. This book unravels the recent studies on child development and behavior. It also aims to shed light on the importance of nutrition and physical activity for children. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Chronic kidney disease encompasses all types of diminished kidney functions, from mild risk to severe kidney failure. It comprises a steady loss in the functional capabilities of the kidneys, which can result in the buildup of wastes, electrolytes and fluids in the body to a dangerous level. Symptoms of decreased function of kidneys include vomiting, nausea, decreased appetite, muscle cramps, high blood pressure, short breath, and chest pain where there is fluid build-up near the lining of the heart. Diagnosis of chronic kidney disease is dependent on physical examination and medical history, and includes ultrasound along with additional imaging to identify blood flow and function of the two kidneys. Damage to kidneys from chronic kidney disease is generally permanent. To treat the conditions and symptoms of kidneys, medications can be taken and patient should adapt lifestyle changes, such as physical activity, proper diet, and avoid substance abuse on the basis of severity. This book contains some path-breaking studies on chronic kidney disease. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the diagnosis, complications and treatment of this disease.

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that includes the spinal cord and brain. As a highly metabolic and specialized active organ, the brain relies on a consistent and adequate supply of nutrients. It is widely recognized that a balanced diet in terms of quantity and quality of nutrients is required for the regular functioning of the body, including the CNS at every of life from infancy to old age. Nutrition is crucial for neurodevelopment in teenagers, and preventing them from neurodegeneration during aging. The ability of nutrients to affect the CNS can be enhanced by incorporating food-derived supplements or whole foods. Understanding the mechanisms by which nutrients affect the brain is critical for utilizing nutrienstage ts to cure or prevent neurologic diseases. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the study of central nervous system. It covers in detail the role of nutrition in development, maintenance and aging of the central nervous system. Those with an interest in this field would find this book helpful.

Carbohydrates are referred to as the sugar molecules that provide energy to the body. The natural sources of carbohydrates include fruits and vegetables, while some carbohydrates are processed and refined. The most abundant and common types of carbohydrates include fiber, starch or complex carbs, and sugars or simple carbs. Legumes, whole grains, beans and potatoes are some good sources of complex carbohydrates. They play a key role in the prevention of diseases and maintenance of weight. Higher intake of carbohydrates is associated with complications like obesity and associated conditions like heart diseases and diabetes. The breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose causes an increase in the blood sugar levels. This may lead to insulin resistance and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Healthy carbohydrates that contain essential vitamins, nutrients and fiber can help prevent insulin resistance. The topics included in this book on carbohydrates and their role in health and disease are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Celiac disease refers to a type of long-term autoimmune disorder. It majorly affects the small intestine, in which people develop intolerance towards gluten, which is found in foods such as barley, wheat and rye. Classic symptoms of celiac disease include gastrointestinal problems, such as loss of appetite, abdominal distention, chronic diarrhoea and malabsorption. This usually starts from the age of six months to two years. There are several non-classic symptoms, which are common in individuals older than two years. These might include either absent or mild gastrointestinal symptoms, which might infect any part of the human body, or no noticeable symptoms. The diagnosis is generally done through intestinal biopsies and a variety of blood antibody tests, facilitated by particular genetic testing. The disease can be treated by following a mandatory gluten-free diet for lifetime. It helps to recover the intestinal lining and decreases the risk associated with the disease. This book contains some path-breaking studies on celiac disease. It aims to shed light on the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of this disease. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on this medical condition as well as for experts.

The process that increases low cytoplasmic concentrations in order to activate specific, essential events required by the cell is defined as calcium signaling. It uses calcium ions (Ca2+) to communicate and carry out intracellular processes often as a step in signal transduction. Calcium signaling plays a crucial role in the regulation of a diverse set of essential functions within the human body. The management of various neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) requires calcium signaling. It has been observed that disruption in calcium signaling may lead to synaptic deficits which further leads to accumulation of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Calcium plays an important role in various biological processes and calcium signaling has been linked to various diseases. Therefore, it is currently being explored as a therapeutic target for various types of cancer. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the importance of calcium signaling in biology and medicine. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in this field of study.

Cancer is a broad term for a variety of diseases characterized by the formation of aberrant cells that divide uncontrollably. It has the capacity for infiltrating and destroying normal body tissues. Cancer bioinformatics is an evolving field which amalgamates omics science, clinical informatics, mathematics, bioinformatics, information technology and medical informatics for addressing challenges in diagnosis, therapies and prognosis in cancer patients. It is also a primary instrument and method for conducting cancer research in systems medicine. Cancer bioinformatics is one of the strategies to focus on bioinformatics methods in cancer based on the specificity of communication, metabolisms, proliferations and signaling of disease. It plays a larger role in the identification and validation of biomarkers specific to clinical phenotypes associated with early diagnoses. Furthermore, cancer bioinformatics is also expected to measure disease progression and therapy response, as well as indicators for improving patients' quality of life. This book covers in detail some innovative concepts revolving around cancer bioinformatics. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area of study.

Cancer refers to a type of disease where cells of the body divide more quickly than usual. These aberrant cells combine to form a tumor or lump. There are five types of cancer, namely, sarcoma, leukemia, carcinoma, lymphoma and melanoma. There are numerous approaches used to treat cancer, which depend on the type of cancer, its stage, types of treatment that are accessible and the intended outcomes of the treatment. Cancer therapy emphasizes on the management of cancer in patients, which is frequently accomplished through radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy. In certain cases of cancer, benefit can be achieved from targeted therapies. A cancer patient may undergo a variety of therapies, including the ones intended to alleviate cancer symptoms. The treatment of cancer encompasses bone marrow transplant, hormone therapy, radiofrequency ablation, immunotherapy and cryoablation. This book unravels the recent studies on cancer therapy. It attempts to understand the various interventions used for the management of this disease. Different approaches, evaluations, and advanced studies on this topic have been included in this book.

B-vitamins are a group of water-soluble vitamins that play crucial roles in the synthesis of red blood cells and cell metabolism. There are eight types of B-vitamins, namely, B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate), and B12 (cobalamin). These vitamins assist a number of enzymes in carrying out their functions. This includes releasing energy from fat and carbohydrates, breaking down amino acids, as well as facilitating transportation of oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Sufficient levels of B-vitamins in the body are required for optimal neurological and physiological function. Dairy products, seafood, seeds, meat, poultry, legumes, eggs, leafy greens and fortified foods like nutritional yeast and breakfast cereal are best sources of B-vitamins. The deficiency effects of B-vitamins can cause beriberi, ariboflavinosis, pellagra, paresthesia and acne. This book explores all the important aspects of B-vitamins in nutrition and health. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Breastfeeding refers to the act of feeding an infant with breast milk. There are several problems associated with breastfeeding including nipple soreness, breast engorgement, plugged milk duct, breast infection, thrush, and inability to produce enough milk for the needs of the baby. Some factors such as poor feeding techniques, wrong position of the baby while breastfeeding and not taking care of the nipples contribute to the development of nipple soreness. It can be prevented by simply changing the position of the baby while breastfeeding. Breast engorgement is the gradual buildup of milk and blood in the breast after a few days of birth. This leads to hard, swollen and painful breasts. The treatment for this condition involves performing a gentle massage to breasts, reducing distractions in the duration of breastfeeding, and providing heat treatment to the breasts. This book outlines the problems of breastfeeding along with their solutions. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

B-vitamins are a group of water soluble vitamins that play significant roles in cell metabolism and synthesis of red blood cells. There are eight B-vitamins, namely, B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate [folic acid]), and B12 (cobalamin). Vitamin B9 and vitamin B12 are essential water-soluble vitamins that perform pivotal function in the maintenance of one-carbon metabolism. The one carbon metabolism is a set of interconnected metabolic pathways driven by folate and methionine. It generates methyl groups for use in DNA synthesis, amino acid homeostasis, antioxidant generation, and epigenetic regulation. Developmental defects, impaired cognitive function, or blocked normal blood production are some of the possible outcomes associated with a diet deficient in vitamins B9 and B12. It has been observed in certain studies that higher levels of these vitamins may lead to immune dysfunction, cancer, or increased mortality. Research in B-vitamins is now primarily focused on developing specific therapies that target one-carbon metabolism for managing cancer and immune diseases. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on various topics related to B-vitamins and their role in human health. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this area of study will benefit alike from this book.

Breast cancer refers to a type of cancer that develops in the breast cells. Invasive lobular carcinoma and invasive ductal carcinoma are the two most common types of breast cancer. There are various symptoms and signs associated with this type of cancer, such as a newly inverted nipple, a breast lump, pitting or redness of the skin above the breast, changes in the size, appearance or shape of a breast, etc. Some of the major risk factors linked to breast cancer include a family history of breast cancer, obesity, drinking alcohol and radiation exposure. There are different ways to diagnose it, such as through ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), mammogram and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning. Immunotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, targeted drug therapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy are some of the techniques used to treat this disease. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the diverse treatment strategies for breast cancer. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the various aspects of this medical condition and treatment procedures.

Lactation is a process which involves the secretion of milk through the mammary glands. It also describes the period in which a mother lactates to feed her new born child. The procedure normally occurs in all sexually mature female mammals. The process of feeding a child with breast milk is called breastfeeding or nursing. Breast milk can be fed directly from the breast, or it can be pumped to be given to the child later. Breastfeeding starts a few hours after the birth of a baby and can be continued as long as the baby needs it. The infants cannot be fed with any foods or drinks till they turn six months old. New-born babies are prescribed vitamin D for ensuring that they are able to absorb calcium and phosphorus. After completing six months, the baby can be fed foods advised by the doctors, but breastfeeding should continue till one or two years of age. This book explores all the important aspects of breastfeeding and lactation care in the present day scenario. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Bladder cancer is referred to as a form of cancer which develops in the bladder cells. The bladder is a hollow muscular organ in the human body that retains urine in the lower belly. Bladder cancer typically starts in the urothelial cells that line the inner part of the bladder. There are various signs and symptoms of bladder cancer such as painful urination, blood in urine, back pain and frequent urination. Chronic bladder inflammation, smoking, family or personal history of cancer and increasing age are risk factors for bladder cancer. The most common method of diagnosis is cystoscopy with tissue biopsies. Treatment for bladder cancer includes intravesical therapy, surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. It can be prevented by quitting smoking and taking a diet which is rich in vegetables and proteins. This book elucidates the innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the study of bladder cancer. Such selected concepts that redefine the diagnosis and clinical management of bladder cancer have been presented herein. Those with an interest in this disease would find this book helpful.

Clinical neuroscience refers to a subfield of neuroscience which focuses on the scientific study of fundamental mechanisms that underly disorders and diseases of the central nervous system and brain. It aims to develop new methods of conceptualizing and diagnosing such disorders and developing new therapies. The human nervous system is divided into two symmetric halves, but a closer examination of the brain reveals functional and anatomical lateralization. Brain asymmetry is detected in terms of behavior, structure and function. Experiential, evolutionary, genetic, developmental and pathological factors are hypothesized to have a role in this lateralization. Defects in brain asymmetry are linked to a variety of neurological disorders, and certain disorders exacerbate the brain asymmetries. Various disorders related with brain asymmetries include schizophrenia and dyslexia. This book explores all the important aspects of brain aging in the present day scenario. Those with an interest in this field would find it helpful.