This book is a comprehensive introduction to supply chain financing as a business model that enables companies to reduce costs, improve their working capital and manage risks more tightly. Supply chain financing is using the supply chain to fund the organization and using the organization to fund the supply chain. Supply chain financing is of growing importance, the book explains what supply chain funding is and its different components as well as its impact and potential not only on companies using it, but more globally. The content moves from the basics of supply chain management to how to structure a global supply chain finance program in today's marketplace, the emergence of fintech providers, and alternative methods of payment, while also offering a view of the future that incorporates new platforms and analytical tools to optimize efficiencies in an organization and increase working capital flows.Supply Chain Financing is based on the authors' research and teaching at two leading US business schools. This book is useful for supply chain or finance professionals, decision makers in corporate disciplines, as well as students and professors in business fields.
This book is about the author's life motivated by two pursuits: medicine, his profession and flyfishing, his favourite recreation. Each in their own way has provided him with challenges, enjoyment and fulfilment.The book recounts the author's experiences as a wartime school boy, post-war medical student, army doctor in Ghana, and medical research worker at Hammersmith Hospital, London, the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, the Methodist Hospital, Houston and McGill University, Montreal. It describes his drastic change in mid-career from gastroenterology to clinical lipidology and his subsequent efforts to promote the lipid hypothesis of atherosclerosis in the face of entrenched opposition from some members of the cardiological establishment. Among his achievements was the introduction of plasmapheresis to prolong the lives of severely affected patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), a hitherto fatal disorder, and he was among the first to describe the efficacy of statins in FH patients in the UK. The book also describes his leisure time activities including running in the London and New York marathons, and the hazards thereof, and his flyfishing expeditions to catch Atlantic salmon in Scotland and Russia, bonefish in the Bahamas and brown trout in England.The narrative covers the period from the Second World War to the present day, during which there have been dramatic changes in medical practice and social attitudes. It reflects the author's experiences during the latter half of the 20th century, stretching from the early days of penicillin to the introduction of statins, and it concludes with his up to date appraisal of recent and exciting advances in cholesterol-lowering therapy for cardiovascular disease.
Robots interact with the world through curves and surfaces - the subjects of study in differential geometry. This book applies the moving-frame method, developed extensively by Élie Cartan, and the adjoint approach, conceived by Ernesto Cesàro, to study the kinematics of two surfaces subject to rolling contact and sliding-rolling contact to demonstrate the applications in robotic in-hand manipulation.Firstly, it explores two surfaces, and the geometry of both surfaces comes into play. Secondly, the book focuses on the geometry of the two surfaces within the encompassing space (extrinsic) rather than within the surfaces (intrinsic) because the book is concerned with the kinematics of one surface in three-dimensional Euclidean space - the real world. The book then concludes by applying this approach in robotic in-hand manipulation in the last chapter.
We know the Earth rotates, but how do we know? When and how did it become reasonable to believe that the Earth rotates?This book offers a historical account, from ancient Greek science to the theory of relativity and ultimately to videos taken from outer space, of how this widely known truth came to be. Using an accessible and entertaining narrative suitable for anyone interested in astronomy, physics, or the history of either, Kosso clarifies the use of evidence to prove that the Earth rotates, and deals with the tension between the claims that the Earth is absolutely in motion, yet all motion is relative. The book also explores the general nature of scientific evidence and method, and confronts challenges to science from outside the discipline.
This is the first textbook in the field of electrochemistry that will teach experimental electrochemists how to carry out simulation of electrode processes. Processes at both macro- and micro-electrodes are examined and the simulation of both diffusion-only and diffusion–convection processes are addressed. The simulation of processes with coupled homogeneous kinetics and at microelectrode arrays are further discussed.Over the course of the book the reader's understanding is developed to the point where they will be able to undertake and solve research-level problems. The book leads the reader through from a basic understanding of the principles underlying electrochemical simulation to the development of computer programs which describe the complex processes found in voltammetry.
As an emerging discrete structural model, the Hencky bar-chain/net model (HBM) has shown its advantages over other numerical methods in some problems. Owing to the discrete properties of HBM, it is also a suitable model for nano-scale structures which are currently a very hot research topic in mechanics.This book introduces the concepts and previous research of the Hencky bar-chain/net model, before demonstrating how beams, columns, arches, rectangular plates and circular plates could be successfully modelled by HBM. HBM comprises rigid bars connected by frictionless hinges with elastic rotational springs (and a system of torsional springs in the cells for plates). In the treatment of the above-mentioned structures, HBM is found to be mathematically equivalent to the first order central finite difference method (FDM). So HBM may be regarded as the physical structural model behind the FDM.This book is a compilation of the authors' research on the development of the Hencky bar-chain/net model, and is organized according to the development and application of HBM for beams, columns, frames, arches and rings, and plates. Exercises are provided at the end of each chapter to aid comprehension and guide learning. It is a useful reference for students, researchers, academics and practitioners in the field of structural analysis.
Acrylamide, a chemical described as 'extremely hazardous' and 'probably carcinogenic to humans', was discovered in food in 2002. Its presence in a range of popular foods has become one of the most difficult issues facing not only the food industry but all stakeholders in the food supply chain and its oversight. Acrylamide is not present in raw food but forms from natural precursors during high-temperature (> 120°C) cooking and food processing. Fried, baked, roasted and toasted potato and cereal products, as well as coffee, are the major contributors to dietary exposure.This book comprehensively describes what is known about the toxicology of acrylamide, how it forms in food, the positions taken by food safety authorities and concurrent regulatory issues. It also covers the food industry's response, the mitigation measures adopted and how successful these have been in reducing our exposure to acrylamide. It then describes the genetic and agronomic approaches that have been taken to reduce the acrylamide-forming potential of major crops.Written by internationally-renowned experts in the field, Acrylamide in Food is detailed and informative, while being accessible to specialists and a general readership.
This book examines the issues across the breadth of elasticity theory. Firstly, the underpinning mathematics of vectors and matrices is covered. Thereafter, the equivalence between the inidicial, symbolic and matrix notations used for tensors is illustrated in the preparation for specific types of material behaviour to be expressed, usually as a response function from which a constitutive stress-strain relation follow.Mechanics of Elastic Solids shows that the elastic response of solid materials has many forms. Metals and their alloys confirm dutifully to Hooke's law. Non-metals do not when the law connecting stress to strain is expressed in polynomial, exponential and various empirical, material specific forms. Hyper- and hypo- elasticity theories differ in that the former is restricted to its thermodynamic basis while the latter pervades many an observed response with its release from thermal restriction, but only at the risk of contravening the laws of thermodynamics.This unique compendium is suitable for a degree or diploma course in engineering and applied mathematics, as well as postgraduate and professional researchers.
Developments in optical spectroscopy have taken new directions in recent decades, with the focus shifting from understanding small gas phase molecules towards applications in materials and biological systems. This is due to significant interest in these topics, which has been facilitated by significant technological developments.Absorption, luminescence and excited state energy transfer properties have become of crucial importance on a large scale in materials related to light-harvesting in organic and inorganic third generation solar cells, for solar water splitting, and in light emitting diodes, TV screens and many other applications. In addition, Förster resonance energy transfer can be used as a ruler for the characterisation of the structure and dynamics of DNA, proteins and other biomolecules via labelling with fluorescing markers.This advanced textbook covers a range of these applications as well as the basics of absorption, emission and energy transfer of molecular systems in the condensed phase, in addition to the corresponding behaviour of metal nanoparticles and semiconductor quantum dots. Technical experimental requirements, aspects to avoid interfering perturbations and methods of quantitative data analysis make this book accessible and ideal for students and researchers in physical chemistry, biophysics and nanomaterials.
Devastating epidemics of untreatable smallpox caused not only deaths but dire disfigurements of face and body as well as one third of all blindness. In the 20th century mortality was estimated at 300 million up to 1978, the year it was proclaimed to be eradicated. Historically, the fact has been overlooked, often forgotten, that the preventative practice of variolation for smallpox was widely adopted internationally during the 18th century and was the precursor to refinement as cowpox vaccination. Never previously traced was the extensive global adoption of the technique or the impetus for this transmission and how, in these countries of its adoption, variolation was the prime mover for a national concept of public health with the establishment of free institutions. The global adoption of the first invasive medical prophylaxis for any disease, the origin of immunity, deserves its place in history.
A compilation of wonderful tributes to the late Ahmed Zewail (1946-2016), considered the 'Father of Femtochemistry', a long-standing icon in the field of physical chemistry, and the father of ultrafast electron-based methods. The book contains testimonies by friends and relatives of Zewail and by outstanding scientists from around the world who worked or have been affiliated with the Nobel prizewinning professor. Each contribution describes the author's own unique experience and personal relationship with Zewail, and includes details of his scientific achievements and the stories around them. Personal and Scientific Reminiscences collects accounts from the most important individuals in the physical and chemical sciences to give us a unique insight into the world and work of one of the great scientists of our time.
A compilation of wonderful tributes to the late Ahmed Zewail (1946-2016), considered the 'Father of Femtochemistry', a long-standing icon in the field of physical chemistry, and the father of ultrafast electron-based methods. The book contains testimonies by friends and relatives of Zewail and by outstanding scientists from around the world who worked or have been affiliated with the Nobel prizewinning professor. Each contribution describes the author's own unique experience and personal relationship with Zewail, and includes details of his scientific achievements and the stories around them. Personal and Scientific Reminiscences collects accounts from the most important individuals in the physical and chemical sciences to give us a unique insight into the world and work of one of the great scientists of our time.
Breaches and Bridges — German Foreign Policy in Turbulent Times features an agenda-setting speech by the Federal President of Germany, Dr Frank-Walter Steinmeier, delivered as a GIGA Distinguished Speaker Lecture in June 2016, when he served as the Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs.This speech is accompanied by two essays. The first is an introduction by the First Mayor of Hamburg, Olaf Scholz, which reflects on the role of the Hanseatic City in world affairs. The second is a brief analysis by Professor Amrita Narlikar, President of the GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies. Narlikar identifies the necessity for a more profound understanding of historical trajectories, political traditions, and bargaining cultures of international negotiating partners, and invokes new forms of leadership and cooperation in global governance.In his speech, Dr Steinmeier announces the German candidacy for a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council and outlines German foreign policy with its cornerstones of peace, justice, innovation, and partnership. In a period of global transition and turmoil, the world needs creative and feasible solutions. This volume (with articles in both English and German) will be a valuable resource for students, academics, policymakers, and practitioners in the field of international relations and foreign affairs.
Sodium Dithionite, Rongalite and Thiurea Oxides provides an in depth overview of historical and newly developed fields of application for important sulfur-containing reductants.
In full generality, minimizing a polynomial function over a closed semi-algebraic set requires complex mathematical equations. This book explains recent developments from singularity theory and semi-algebraic geometry for studying polynomial optimization problems. Classes of generic problems are defined in a simple and elegant manner by using only the two basic (and relatively simple) notions of Newton polyhedron and non-degeneracy conditions associated with a given polynomial optimization problem. These conditions are well known in singularity theory, however, they are rarely considered within the optimization community.Explanations focus on critical points and tangencies of polynomial optimization, H├╢lderian error bounds for polynomial systems, Frank-Wolfe-type theorem for polynomial programs and well posedness in polynomial optimization. It then goes on to look at optimization for the different types of polynomials. Through this text graduate students, PhD students and researchers of mathematics will be provided with the knowledge necessary to use semi-algebraic geometry in optimization.
This book is a guide to advanced techniques used widely in applied mathematical sciences research. Chapter by chapter, readers will be led from a foundation level understanding to advanced level understanding. This is the perfect text for graduate or PhD mathematical-science students looking for support in techniques such as practical analytical methods, finite elements and symmetry methods for differential equations.Analysis and Mathematical Physics is the sixth volume of the LTCC Advanced Mathematics Series. This series is the first to provide advanced introductions to mathematical science topics to advanced students of mathematics. Edited by the three joint heads of the London Taught Course Centre for PhD Students in the Mathematical Sciences (LTCC), each book supports readers in broadening their mathematical knowledge outside of their immediate research disciplines while also covering specialized key areas.
Set within the context of growing political pluralism and the increasing use of new communication technologies for social mobilisation, the Institute of Policy Studies organised a national conference on civil society in November 2013. This collection of the essays that were presented at or inspired by the conference provides nuanced analyses of the development of the sector in Singapore since the Institute's first such conference held in 1998. The first section of the book discusses the different philosophies and approaches that underpin how civic activists engage with the State; the second section examines some key forces of change that are re-shaping the sector; and, the third section sets out some emerging issues facing it. Combining insights from experts and civic activists themselves, this book proposes an agenda for the future development of the civil society in Singapore.
We live in a world that is increasingly dependent on international trade in a context of substantial regional/national political tensions. Adding to this is an emerging understanding and concern about the social impact of biosecurity and ecosystem services risks associated with such trade. As the key international trade 'arbiter', the World Trade Organization (WTO) has never before faced such complexity within its decision-making remit.With increasing numbers of bilateral and regional agreements, as well as new developments emerging such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) initiated by multi-national corporations in 2018, the WTO needs to implement ways of reinforcing its legitimacy and enhancing its relevance.This book provides an original analysis of these linked developments and delivers a timely contribution to resolving environment-related international trade disputes. It provides a clear roadmap for improving WTO trade dispute resolution procedures so both biosecurity and ecosystem services risks are considered in evaluating the social, economic and environmental impacts of international trade proposals. In so doing, the WTO should deliver enhanced multilateral social welfare.
This book helps develop a better understanding of how researchers from different scientific backgrounds view models and uncertainty. It provides key steps in fostering and encouraging interdisciplinary research, which is vital in addressing several big issues that society faces today, such as climate change, longevity, financial and actuarial risk management. To make progress in these areas, researchers must develop an understanding of differing perspectives and methods of those working in other disciplines.This title presents the views and understandings of eminent people in their respective fields through interviews on the topic of modelling and uncertainty. Each expert was asked the same set of questions to help readers understand the similarities and differences existing between various disciplines. It also helps to bridge some of the gaps encountered by those carrying out inter- and multi-disciplinary research and suggests new approaches to modelling and uncertainty quantification.
In the modern world, further development of society is impossible without environmentally friendly modes of transport and their effective interaction within the framework of Smart Energy and ECO-driving concepts. Written at a time of rapid development of information technologies in various fields, this book serves as a kind of bridge for the introduction of artificial intelligence into the electric transport power supply systems.The calculation models and methods proposed make it possible to choose the most efficient modern equipment for electric power supply of electric vehicles, which, as a result, saves investment costs and reduces time to make decisions for designing complex objects. Insight is also given into building and adjusting Smart Energy class equipment to achieve optimal and economical modes.
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