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Nearly 80 years ago, Aldous Huxley wrote his literary masterpiece Brave New World. In that book he posited a future where genetic engineering is commonplace and human beings, aided by cloning, are mass produced. Controllers and predestinators replaced mothers and fathers. The words themselves considered smut. As the new authors of human life in an uncompromising search for human happiness and stability, the possibility of human individuality had been entirely jettisoned. For most of its 80 years, Brave New World could be seen as a disturbing work of science fiction. That is no longer the case. The possible cloning of human beings is now relegated to the world -- not relegated to the world of fiction. The question we must now ask is this: what should we do with this science? Several scientists claim that they are poised to take the fateful next step and actually produce a human clone. We in this subcommittee will focus not only on the scientific, but on the moral and ethical questions raised by the astonishing possibility that an exact copy of a human being might be cloned in the near future. Although federally funded human cloning research is prohibited, such privately funded research is not. In fact, no definitive Federal statute governs privately funded human cloning experiments. Experimentation in science has outpaced the law on the underlying issues raised by human cloning. The FDA has asserted that it has jurisdiction over human cloning, based on the Public Health Service Act and the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. Is this a sufficient safeguard? Although there is no Federal ban on human cloning, a number of states, 26 other countries and the United Nations have seen the need to enact some form of ban on human cloning. But to craft a meaningful and reasonable statute that is both sound in its scienceand consistent with human dignity, the Congress needs to ask the hard questions posed by human cloning research. This committee has a responsibility to ask these difficult questions because we are dealing with the most profound of human responsibilities, the future of our species. The witnesses we have assembled represent a broad cross section of opinions and expertise on these complex issues. We will hear from experts in animal cloning research and bioethics, the FDAand the National Bioethics Advisory Commission, among others. We will also hear from controversial witnesses. We hope to learn from their testimony whether the projects they envision are credible scientifically. Other esteemed bodies can hold meetings and write reports and issue voluntary guidelines, but only the Congress can write the laws for our nation.

It is a beginning. Over forty-five years have elapsed since the X-15 was conceived; 40 since it first flew. And 31 since the program ended. Although it is usually heralded as the most productive flight research program ever undertaken, no serious history has been con-assembled to capture its design, development, operations, and lessons. This monograph is the first step towards that history. Not that a great deal has not previously been written about the X-15, because it has. But most of it has been limited to specific aspects of the program; pilot's stories, experiments, lessons-learned, etc. But with the exception of Robert S. Houston's history published by the Wright Air Development Center in 1958, and later included in the Air Force History Office's Hypersonic Revolution, no one has attempted to tell the entire story. And the WADC history is taken entirely from the Air Force perspective, with small mention of the other contributors. In 1954 the X-1 series had just broken Mach 2.5. The aircraft that would become the X-15 was being designed to attain Mach 6, and to fly at the edges of space. It would be accomplished without the use of digital computers, video teleconferencing, the internet, or email. It would, however, come at a terrible financial cost-over 30 times the original estimate. The X-15 would ultimately exceed all of its original performance goals. Instead of Mach 6 and 250,000 feet, the program would record Mach 6.7 and 354,200 feet. And compared against other research (and even operational) aircraft of the era, the X-15 was remarkably safe. Several pilots would get banged up; Jack McKay seriously so, although he would return from his injuries to fly 22 more X-15 flights. Tragically, Major Michael J. Adams would be killed on Flight 191, the only fatality of the program. Unfortunately due to the absence of a subsequent hypersonic mission, aeronautical applications of X-15 technology have been few. Given the major advances in materials and computer technology in the 30 years since the end of the flight research program, it is unlikely that many of the actual hardware lessons are still applicable. That being said, the lessons learned from hypersonic modeling, simulation, and the insight gained by being able to evaluate actual X-15 flight research against wind tunnel and predicted results, greatly expanded the confidence of researchers. This allowed the development of Space Shuttle to proceed much smoother than would otherwise have been possible. In space, however, the X-15 contributed to both Apollo and Space Shuttle. It is interesting to note that when the X-15 was conceived, there were many that believed its space-oriented aspects should be removed from the program since human space travel was postulated to be many decades in the future. Perhaps the major contribution was the final elimination of a spray-on ablator as a possible thermal protection system for Space Shuttle. This would likely have happened in any case as the ceramic tiles and metal shingles were further developed, but the operational problems encountered with the (admittedly brief) experience on X-15A-2 hastened the departure of the ablators.

Army engineer support to U.S. Central Command's joint maneuver force during the Persian Gulf War was massive and critical. Over 100 active and reserve component engineer units contributed significantly to the success of Operation DESERT SHIELD/DESERT STORM. These contributions are well documented in Supporting the Troops: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the Persian Gulf War. The Gulf War dramatically demonstrated the need to deploy engineers early so that they can determine the engineer requirements, communicate those requirements to the maneuver commanders, and take appropriate steps to bed down and sustain U.S. forces. The delayed flow of engineers and their equipment into Southwest Asia directly affected the ability of the maneuver units to sustain themselves and operate effectively. We are now moving toward a smaller, quality Army with rapidly deployable forces. There are fewer engineer units than in 1990, and a larger proportion of the engineer force is in the reserve components. As the active component force continues to shrink, we must insure that the reserve component engineer forces are well trained and ready to deploy on short notice. During the Gulf War engineers provided the model for the Total Army concept, successfully blending Active Army, Army National Guard, Army Reserve, and Department of Defense civilian engineer capabilities. U.S. forces could not have succeeded in the Gulf without the assistance of the reserve components and civilians. The force structure of today's Active Army does not include a number of specialized engineer units needed to support a large-scale deployment. Nor do operational engineer units have all the special expertise that can be found in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. As Supporting the Troops vividly illustrates, the contributions of the Corps' military and civilian members were diverse and significant. Over 160 Corps civilians, who voluntarily deployed to Southwest Asia, provided procurement, design, construction, and real estate support. Corps members worked diligently, often in difficult conditions, to provide for the well-being and safety of tens of thousands of U.S. soldiers. They devised creative solutions to the problems they, encountered, whether implementing new policies or developing new project designs. It was my privilege to serve with them in the Persian Gulf.Pat M. Stevens IVMajor General, USAActing Chief of Engineers

As the worldwide demands for basic minerals increase and some resources on land show signs of rapid decrease, it is inevitable that the search for new sources will extend to the oceans - the largely unexplored 71 percent of the planet's surface. Of great importance is the rich reserve of hard minerals in the oceans - for example the so-called manganese nodules, which vary in size and shape from small pebbles to massive pavements, containing economically attractive deposits of manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel. It is important to assess the nature and extent of the mineral resources of the seabed and to devise ways of recovering them with a minimal impact on the environment. This report (based on an 18-month study) of a panel of the National Academy of Sciences examines the potential of the resources, evaluates the state of the art of ocean mining, identifies the legal, regulatory, and jurisdictional problems involved, considers the possible environmental questions, and determines how to meet the need for trained engineers to do the job.

Transcripts of the first congressional hearing on a very exciting and a complex new technology application. Radio Frequency Identification, or RFID, as it is commonly known, is frankly a World War II-era technology that has begun to find new commercial and government application in just the last few years. In basic terms, the most common commercial application of RFID used radio waves to transmit data from a transmitting device called a ''tag'' to a scanning device called a "reader" which can be networked with a computer data base. These RFID tags can be attached to products and packaging individually. Readers are able to activate tags via radio signals and receive tag data without "line-of-sight" scanning, which is a limitation for the common barcode. In terms of the data embedded in the tags, work is being done to develop common standards known as the Electronic Products Code or "EPC" to create unique numerical identifiers for individual items. This would allow RFID readers to receive EPC data from tags on items and products that can be matched through a data base for identification and for other purposes. This is a global effort and, in theory, could lead to a seamless supply chain and logistics management in global trade. While still far off, such possibilities have led some to comment that because EPC identifies a product much like an IP address identifies a computer, RFID and EPC, in effect, are creating an internet for physical items rather than just for data. For manufacturing and retail applications, RFID technology is gradually being rolled out for tracking large bulk containers and pallets along the supply chain. And if technical and cost feasibility issues can be addressed, RFID readers, for example, could have the ability to read instantaneously not only pallets but also each unique individual product they contain. This could be done without having to unload any product contents, with inventory being updated in real time. Forecasting would become obsolete, shelves would always be stocked with the most popular brands, and cost savings would be passed on to the consumer. Now this is just one future possibility. Currently, RFID technology is being used in such diverse applications as automatic traffic tolls, and in anti-theft immobilizers on the latest automobiles. There also are plans to use RFID technology for counterfeit drug detection as well as tracking port cargo and hazardous substances for homeland security purposes. One possible future application that seems to generate excitement for anyone who has ever stood endless in line at the grocery store, involves using readers at checkout. In this application, readers placed at checkouts would allow customers to pass straight through with their RFID tagged items loaded in their shopping carts. Customer accounts would be automatically updated leaving them free to head straight for the parking lot - without even stopping for so much as a candy bar at the checkout or buying that little magazine.

When the call to battle sounded in April 1917, the Navy air arm could muster at its one air station only 48 officers and 239 enlisted men with some experience in aviation, and 54 aircraft none of which was fit for patrol service. The problems of building this small force to a effective fighting unit were enormous. Yet, the Armistice was signed 19 months later, there were 43 air stations in operation at home and abroad, an aircraft factory in production, and numerous schools, assembly plants, repair depots and other facilities providing the needed logistic support. Aviation personnel numbered over 39000, a figure nearly equal to the total in the entire Navy at the start of the war. Little has been published on the nature and extent of Naval air operations in the first World War until, in April 1967, Naval Aviation News began a series of monthly articles under the general title, "Naval Aviation in World War I." Using chronologies of significant events and narrative accounts of special phases of the war, this series told the story of how Naval Aviation met the challenge. The series was conceived by and completed under the direction of the Assistant for Aviation History, Mr. A. O. Van Wyen, who also wrote many of the articles and arranged for the writing of others. While not a definitive history, it is the first published word to deal specifically with the accomplishments of Naval Aviation in the first World War. Based on official sources as well as the recollections of participants, it is authoritatively presented through an interesting combination of official and personal accounts. It is also the history of a beginning made under stress of war---a beginning in which the men of Naval Aviation demonstrated the potential of aviation as an arm of sea power and set the course for its future growth. The success with which they carried out their task is in large measure responsible for the position of aviation at the forefront of Naval power today.T. F. ConnolyVice Admiral, USNDeputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air)

The role of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in opening the West is not as well known as the Corps' work on nationwide flood control and navigation projects. Yet, in the 19th century the surveys, explorations, scientific studies, and reports of Army engineer and topographical officers were major contributions to our understanding of the undeveloped arid regions of the United States. The following report illustrates the skill and dedication of these soldiers. The Board of Commissioners that explored the interior valleys of California was composed of two Army engineer officers and one civilian scientist for the Coast Survey. Their report, published in 1874, was the first federal irrigation survey. It still has value for its detailed information on central California and on irrigation practice in the American West and, indeed, around the world. The introductory essay puts the report into its historical setting and provides a wealth of information about both the survey and the political and economic forces that dominated California over a hundred years ago. I trust the report and the essay will be of interest to all those interested in the development of the West. Robert W. Page Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works)

Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852) was a German educator who introduced the concept of kindergarten. This book is a collection of fifteen essays, originally published in German in 1861, on the value of different stages of a child's play. Froebel found an educational value in every phase of the child's play, and in every object that engages its attention. Froebel finds all that the child does significant and of educational importance. In fact, he is the great pioneer and founder of child study as well as of the pedagogic theory of intellectual values. This book, originally published in 1908, was translated and annotated by Emilie Michaelis, Head Mistress of the Croydon Kindergarten and Preparatory School, and H. Keatley Moore, Examiner in Music to the Froebel Society, and Vice-Chairman of the Croydon Kindergarten Company.

The fall of Rome and how military selection aided the decline; traces national development as influenced by the pursuits of peace and occupations of war. David Starr Jordan (1851-1931) was a noted educator, scientist and peace activist. Educated at Cornell University, Butler University, and the Indiana University School of Medicine he became the President of Indiana University in 1885, the youngest university president in the nation at the time. Six years later, he accepted the post of President of Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, where he remained, first as president and later as chancellor, until his retirement. Dr. Jordan was a renowned expert in many fields. His training was mainly in ichthyology, the study of fish, and he was widely regarded in that field. He served as an expert witness on the validity of the theory of evolution at the Scopes trial in Tennessee. In addition, he was known for his work in education and philosophy, publishing many works on those subjects.

Nassau William Senior (1790-1864) - economist, critical essayist and government adviser - was a highly original classical economist in the era between Ricardo's Principles of 1817 and Mill's Principles of 1848. He was the first Professor of Political Economy at Oxford, and in his published works he made original contributions to the theory of value, rent, population, money, and international trade. Senior was an active proponent of laissez-faire. Although Senior did not achieve the originality and influence of the leading economists of the classical school - Smith, Ricardo, and Malthus - he did make an enduring contribution on the development of economics. John Stuart Mill took much effort to respond to Senior."The question to be answered today is exactly the same as is expounded in Senior's lectures on the Transmission of the Precious Metals from Country to Country." - Ludwig von Mises in the Economic Journal, September, 1933

The Vietnam war of 1961-1975 is, among other things, notable for the massive employment of anti-plant chemical warfare agents (herbicides or plant defoliating and killing chemicals). Primarily during the mid to late 1960's the USA sprayed approximately 72 million liters of these herbicides over some 1.7 million hectares of rural South Vietnam; that is about one hectare in every ten. At least 12% of the forests of South Vietnam were sprayed one or more times as were 5% or more of the agricultural land. The "International Symposium on Herbicides and Defoliants in War: The Long-term Effects of Man and Nature" was convened in Ho Chi Minh City from January 14 to 19, 1983 in order to examine the aftermath of this chemical assault on South Vietnam, after about a decade had elapsed since the spraying. More than 70 ecological and medical scientists from some 20 countries, both East and West, came together in order to meet with about an equal number of their Vietnamese counterparts. The international participants included some of the top experts in the world in their respective fields of ecological and medical science. It was strictly a working conference open only to qualified scientists. This is the final summary report of the symposium and the seven final summary reports of the various working groups, plus an article compiled from papers presented by participating Vietnamese scientists.

The Role of the Individual in History was first published in 1898, and occupies a very prominent place among those of Plekhanov's works in which he substantiates and defends Marxism and advocates the Marxian theory of social development. Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov (1856-1918) was one of the leaders of Russian populism and after his emigration to Western Europe in 1880 became the foremost Russian Marxist abroad. He founded in 1883, together with Pavel Axelrod, the 'Group for the Liberation of Labor', the first Russian social democratic party, and in 1900 together with Lenin the 'Iskra', the first Russian Marxist newspaper, but a few years later broke with Lenin and sided with the Mensheviks.

Dubois-Desaulle was evidently a diligent young scholar; information and entertainment run riot through his pages. Other treatments of bestiality exist, but they are quite special in nature, being confined largely to mere reports of observed cases with perhaps a brief analysis of them. Other works of a more general nature are usually largely taken up with the matter of satyrs, a favorite problem of the more bawdy of the old theologians. And almost all these books of whatever nature are usually largely taken up with the matter of satyrs, a favorite problem of the more bawdy of the old theologians. And almost all these books of whatever nature are so occupied with crying Horror! and Shame! that the actual data presented is minimized. Our author is calm, unhysterical, painstaking, exact, and complete. Here we find bestiality examined in all its aspects: historical, theological, legal, scientific, and, to cap the climax, literary, something of a new departure.

CONTENTSHeredity and EnvironmentTravel-YearsThe JournalistIn ParliamentThe Great MinistryThe Crimean War - Struggle with the ChurchThe Congress of ParisThe Pact of PlombiPresThe War of 1859 - VillafrancaSavoy and NiceThe Sicilian ExpeditionThe Kingdom of ItalyRome voted the Capital - ConclusionChief Authorities

Originally published in the Soviet Union in 1971, this work covers battle losses, non-battle losses, total war losses, and the influence of wars on population dynamics.

CONTENTSWhat was the Renaissance?Early Days and EducationIn ParisIn EnglandThe AdagesThe Manual of a Christian SoldierIn England AgainIn ItalyThe Praise of FollyThe Question as to the MonksBasel - England for the Fourth TimeThe Greek New TestamentA Pioneer of PeaceWhat did Erasmus Think of Luther?The ColloquiesThe Controversy with LutherErasmus and PedagogyContemporary and Later Judgments - Attitude and CreedThe Creed of ErasmusThe Last YearsAppendix- Erasmus and the Pronunciation of Greek- Did Erasmus Forge the Pseudo-Cyprianic De Duplici MartyrioAt the time of the original publication John Alfred Faulkner was Professor of Historical Theology in Drew Theological Seminary.

CONTENTSCritique of Sexual AnthropologyAfrican RaimentsAfrican JewelryAfrican CoiffureAfrican CosmeticsAfrican AnatomyAfrican HygieneAfrican CapitalismAfrican Pre-marital RelationsAfrican Free MasonryAfrican CourtshipAfrican Art of LoveAfrican MensesAfrican ObstetricsAfrican PediatricsAfrican ProstitutionAfrican Married LifeAfrican InfidelitiesAfrican Libido SexualisAfrican Sex DeviationsAfrican Miscegenation

For some time, the use of monetary and fiscal policies to smooth business cycle fluctuations has taken a back seat to longer-term objectives of restoring price stability and fiscal balance. Many policymakers and academic economists have held the view that fiscal policy had little or no short-run stabilization role and that monetary policy should give priority to maintaining price stability. More recently, however, weaker economic performance in some of the world's economies, most notably in Japan and the United States, has led to renewed interest in the use of short-run stabilization policy. The Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City sponsored a symposium, "Rethinking Stabilization Policy," at Jackson Hole, Wyoming, on August 29-31, 2002. The symposium brought together a distinguished group of central bank officials, academic economists, and business economists to discuss the potential scope for stabilization policy in today's new environment. Our goal for this symposium was straight-forward, although hardly simple. It was to provide a forum to discuss the roles of monetary and fiscal stabilization policies, their effectiveness, and their limitations. And finally, so as not to lose sight of a consensus from earlier meetings, we analyzed these stabilization policies' compatibility with long-run price stability and fiscal sustainability, which are critical to the success of any economy - industrial or emerging. Thomas M. Hoenig President Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City

This book was first published in the early part of 1881, under the title of The Irish Land Question. In order better to indicate the general character of this subject, and to conform to the title under which it had been republished in other countries, the title was subsequently change to The Land Question. Henry George (1839-1897) was a U.S. economist and advocate of the single tax.

William Hickling Prescott (1796-1859) was the first American to win international acclaim as an historian. Prescott has stood the test of time and is as fascinating to read today as he must have been 100 years ago. This biography was originally published in 1905 and contains the following chapters: The New England Historians Early Years The Choice of a Career Success In Mid Career The Last Ten Years "Ferdinand and Isabella" - Prescott's Style "The Conquest of Mexico" as Literature and as History "The Conquest of Peru" - "Philip II" Prescott's Rank as an Historian Index