African American Political Thought offers an unprecedented philosophical history of thinkers from the African American community and African diaspora who have addressed the central issues of political life: democracy, race, violence, liberation, solidarity, and mass political action. Melvin L. Rogers and Jack Turner have brought together leading scholars to reflect on individual intellectuals from the past four centuries, developing their list with an expansive approach to political expression. The collected essays consider such figures as Martin Delany, Ida B. Wells, W. E. B. Du Bois, James Baldwin, Toni Morrison, and Audre Lorde, whose works are addressed by scholars such as Farah Jasmin Griffin, Robert Gooding-Williams, Michael Dawson, Nick Bromell, Neil Roberts, and Lawrie Balfour. While African American political thought is inextricable from the historical movement of American political thought, this volume stresses the individuality of Black thinkers, the transnational and diasporic consciousness, and how individual speakers and writers draw on various traditions simultaneously to broaden our conception of African American political ideas. This landmark volume gives us the opportunity to tap into the myriad and nuanced political theories central to Black life. In doing so, African American Political Thought: A Collected History transforms how we understand the past and future of political thinking in the West.
"Maps are inherently unnatural. Projecting three-dimensional realities on two-dimensional surfaces, maps are abstractions that capture someone's idea of what matters within a particular place; they require selections and omissions. It is these very characteristics, however, that give maps their importance in our understanding of how humans have interacted with the natural world over time and that give historical maps the capability to provide rich insights into the relationship between humans and nature overtime. That is just what is achieved in Mapping Nature Across the Americas. The essays in this book argue for the greater analysis of historical maps in the field of environmental history and for greater attention within the field of the history of cartography to the cultural constructions of nature contained within maps. This volume thus provides the first in-depth investigation of the relationship between maps and environmental knowledge in the Americas, from sixteenth century indigenous cartography in Mexico to the mapping of American forests in the US during the early conservation years of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries"--
This volume presents five new studies on current topics in taxation and government spending. Mark Shepard, Katherine Baicker, and Jonathan Skinner explore implementation aspects of a Medicare-for-All program, which provides a uniform health insurance benefit to everyone, and contrast it with a program providing a basic benefit that can be supplemented voluntarily. John Beshears, James Choi, Mark Iwry, David John, David Laibson, and Brigitte Madrian examine the design and feasibility of firm-sponsored "rainy day funds," short-term savings accounts for employees that can be used when faced with temporary periods of high expenditure. Robert Barro and Brian Wheaton investigate the impact of taxation on choice of corporate form, on the formation and legal structure of new businesses, and indirectly on productivity in the economy. Jonathan Meer and Benjamin Priday examine the impact of the 2017 federal income tax reform, which reduced marginal tax rates and the incentive for charitable giving, on such giving. Finally, Casey Mulligan analyzes the impact of the Affordable Care Act on whether firms employ fewer than 50 employees, the employment threshold below which they are exempt from the requirement to provide health insurance to their employees.
"In The Comedians of the King, Julia Doe traces the impact of Bourbon patronage on the development of French lyric comedy. The book presents the history of an understudied genre and the institutional structures that supported it, determining how changes in royal sponsorship, especially under Marie Antoinette, contributed to the genre's rapid evolution. The stylistic shift, coming at a time of tremendous cultural change, had sizeable political implications. Drawing on both musical and archival evidence, Doe demonstrates how comic theater was exploited in (and worked against) the construction of the monarchy's carefully cultivated public image. In essence, this book examines the aesthetic, institutional, and political tensions that arose when a genre with popular roots was folded into the Bourbon propaganda machine-and when actors trained at the Paris fairs became official representatives of the sovereign, or comâediens ordinaires du roi"--
"From the theatrical stage to the literary salon, the figure of Sappho--the ancient poet and inspiring icon of feminine creativity--played a major role in the intertwining histories of improvisation, text, and performance throughout the nineteenth century. Exploring the connections between operatic and poetic improvisation in Italy and beyond, Singing Sappho combines earwitness accounts of famous female improviser-virtuosi with erudite analysis of musical and literary practices. Esse demonstrates that performance played a much larger role in conceptions of musical authorship than previously recognized, arguing that discourses of spontaneity--specifically those surrounding the improvvisatrice, or female poetic improviser--were paradoxically used to carve out a new authority for opera composers just as improvisation itself was falling into decline"--
"It is hard to think of two philosophers less alike than St. Thomas Aquinas and Jean-Paul Sartre. The former was a thirteenth-century Dominican friar known for reconciling the teachings of the Catholic Church with Aristotelianism. The latter was a twentieth-century intellectual known as the central figure in the literary-philosophical movement known as existentialism. The former was a firm believer; the latter was a notorious atheist. And yet, in The Saint and the Atheist, philosopher Joseph Catalano shows that a confrontation between the two, bringing them closer to reveal similarities and bring out the real import of their differences, is fruitful for thinking through some of the central questions about faith, conscience, freedom, and the meaning of life. Written in an accessible style that presupposes no previous philosophical experience, Catalano's book offers a compelling and profound point of entry to two of history's most important and influential thinkers and what they can still offer to us in the present"--
"The story of how American banks helped disenfranchise nonwhite urbanities and condemn to blight the very neighborhoods that needed the most investment is infuriating. And yet, by digging into the history of urban finance, Rebecca Marchiel here illuminates how urban activists changed some banks' behavior to support investment in communities that they had once abandoned. These developments, in turn, affected federal urban policy and reshaped banks' understanding of the role that urban communities play in the financial system. The legacy of reinvestment activism is clouded, but Marchiel's detailing of it transforms our understanding of the history and significance of community/bank relations"--
"The modern discipline of musicology has its roots in early-twentieth-century Germany and in three seemingly distinct but surprisingly connected areas of musical activity: the discovery of Medieval music and music theory through the all-consuming unearthing and decoding of documents; the tremendous growth of youth movements devoted to collective singing and music-making and the study of Medieval music; and the exportation of this music to Protestant and Catholic missions in German East Africa, where it was widely taught and performed. Underlying these activities was the belief that Medieval music, its structure and soundworld, had affinities with the music of "primitive" societies, such as those the missionaries encountered in East Africa. Rejected outright by African musicians and scholars at the time, the belief was kept alive in the European musicological community through the first half of the twentieth century. Anna Maria Busse Berger draws this all together for the first time, anchoring her writing in extensive archival research and her personal experience as the daughter of a German Lutheran missionary in East Africa. The result is a momentous re-thinking of the early history of music scholarship as well as a novel understanding of the imperial and colonial projects that shaped Germany's perception of itself at a crucial time in its history"--
"Forbidden Knowledge explores the censorship of medical books from their proliferation in print through the prohibitions placed on many of them during the Counter-Reformation. How and why did books banned in Italy end up back on library shelves in the seventeenth century? Historian Hannah Marcus uncovers how early modern physicians evaluated the utility of banned books and facilitated their continued circulation in conversation with Catholic authorities. The process of selective censorship and licensing resulted in a vast, dispersed archive of books that have been "corrected" with pens, knives, glue, and paper. Marcus tracked them down to learn more than the effectiveness of religious censorship. She explores how censorship created new avenues of expertise and opened up new discussions about the utility of knowledge. Through her careful combing of the archives, Marcus highlights how talk of utility, once thought to have begun during the Scientific Revolution, in fact began earlier, emerging from ecclesiastical censorship and the desire to continue to use banned medical books. What's more, this censorship in medicine, which preceded by sixty years the Copernican debate in astronomy, has had a lasting impact on how we talk about new and controversial developments in scientific knowledge. Forbidden Knowledge is a masterful, timely book about the interplay between efforts at intellectual control and the utility of knowledge"--
The study of the chimpanzee, one of the human species' closest relatives, has led scientists to exciting discoveries about evolution, behavior, and cognition over the past half century. In this book, rising and veteran scholars take a fascinating comparative approach to the culture, behavior, and cognition of both wild and captive chimpanzees. By seeking new perspectives in how the chimpanzee compares to other species, the scientists featured offer a richer understanding of the ways in which chimpanzees' unique experiences shape their behavior. They also demonstrate how different methodologies provide different insights, how various cultural experiences influence our perspectives of chimpanzees, and how different ecologies in which chimpanzees live affect how they express themselves. After a foreword by Jane Goodall, the book features sections that examine chimpanzee life histories and developmental milestones, behavior, methods of study, animal communication, cooperation, communication, and tool use. The book ends with chapters that consider how we can apply contemporary knowledge of chimpanzees to enhance their care and conservation. Collectively, these chapters remind us of the importance of considering the social, ecological, and cognitive context of chimpanzee behavior, and how these contexts shape our comprehension of chimpanzees. Only by leveraging these powerful perspectives do we stand a chance at improving how we understand, care for, and protect this species.
"Cephalopods are often misunderstood creatures. Three biologists set the record straight."--Science News Largely shell-less relatives of clams and snails, the marine mollusks in the class Cephalopoda--Greek for "head-foot"--are colorful creatures of many-armed dexterity, often inky self-defense, and highly evolved cognition. They are capable of learning, of retaining information--and of rapid decision-making to avoid predators and find prey. They have eyes and senses rivaling those of vertebrates like birds and fishes, they morph texture and body shape, and they change color faster than a chameleon. In short, they captivate us. From the long-armed mimic octopus--able to imitate the appearance of swimming flounders and soles--to the aptly named flamboyant cuttlefish, whose undulating waves of color rival the graphic displays of any LCD screen, there are more than seven hundred species of cephalopod. Featuring a selection of species profiles, Octopus, Squid, and Cuttlefish reveals the evolution, anatomy, life history, behaviors, and relationships of these spellbinding animals. Their existence proves that intelligence can develop in very different ways: not only are cephalopods unusually large-brained invertebrates, they also carry two-thirds of their neurons in their arms. A treasure trove of scientific fact and visual explanation, this worldwide illustrated guide to cephalopods offers a comprehensive review of these fascinating and mysterious underwater invertebrates--from the lone hunting of the octopus, to the social squid, and the prismatic skin signaling of the cuttlefish.
"For centuries, historians have speculated about the life of Katherine Jones, Lady Ranelagh. The details of her relationship with Robert Boyle, her younger brother, have mostly remained a mystery, even though Boyle, "the father of chemistry," spent the last twenty-three years of his life residing in her home, with the two dying only one week apart in 1691. The dominant depiction of Lady Ranelagh shows her as a maternal figure to Boyle or as a patroness of European intellectuals of the Hartlib circle. Yet neither of these portraits captures the depth of her intellect or range of her knowledge and influence. Philosophers, mathematicians, and religious authorities sought her opinion on everything from decimalizing the currency to producing Hebrew grammars. Lady Ranelagh practiced medicine alongside distinguished male physicians, treating some of the most elite patients in London, and her medical recipes and testimony concerning the philosophers' stone both gained international circulation. She was an important influence on Boyle and a self-standing historical figure in her own right. Chemistry's Sister fills out Lady Ranelagh's legacy in the context of a historically sensitive and nuanced interpretation of gender, science, and religion. It reveals how one elite seventeenth-century woman, without suffering attacks on her "modesty," managed to gain the respect of diverse contemporaries, effect social change, and shape science for centuries to come"--
"Published outside North and South America by the British Library, 2018"--Title page verso.
Democracies are in danger. Around the world, a rising wave of populist leaders threatens to erode the core structures of democratic self-rule. In the United States, the tenure of Donald Trump has seemed decisive turning point for many. What kind of president intimidates jurors, calls the news media the "enemy of the American people," and seeks foreign assistance investigating domestic political rivals? Whatever one thinks of President Trump, many think the Constitution will safeguard us from lasting damage. But is that assumption justified? How to Save a Constitutional Democracy mounts an urgent argument that we can no longer afford to be complacent. Drawing on a rich array of other countries' experiences with democratic backsliding, Tom Ginsburg and Aziz Z. Huq show how constitutional rules can both hinder and hasten the decline of democratic institutions. The checks and balances of the federal government, a robust civil society and media, and individual rights--such as those enshrined in the First Amendment--often fail as bulwarks against democratic decline. The sobering reality for the United States, Ginsburg and Huq contend, is that the Constitution's design makes democratic erosion more, not less, likely. Its structural rigidity has had unforeseen consequence--leaving the presidency weakly regulated and empowering the Supreme Court conjure up doctrines that ultimately facilitate rather than inhibit rights violations. Even the bright spots in the Constitution--the First Amendment, for example--may have perverse consequences in the hands of a deft communicator who can degrade the public sphere by wielding hateful language banned in many other democracies. We--and the rest of the world--can do better. The authors conclude by laying out practical steps for how laws and constitutional design can play a more positive role in managing the risk of democratic decline.
"Artist David Schutter is an associate professor in the Department of Visual Studies at the University of Chicago. Schutter's project constitutes drawings he created in response to renderings of the human emotions ("passions") by the great French artist Charles Lebrun: these renderings have been used by artists and students for centuries as models of facial expressions. Schutter's practice involves deep engagement with the history of art, memory, the body, affect theory, and more. The book features an introductory essay by the artist himself as well as essays on the work by critics Barry Schwabsky and Dieter Roelstraete"--
"These writings explore the dynamics of iconoclasm, which in these unstable times is gaining fresh traction as an area of study. Freedberg is widely acknowledged as one of the foremost experts on iconoclasm in the world. This book collects the best of his texts, including a new essay and a freshly written up-to-date survey of the subject. The texts range in subject matter from the furious religious battles over image in the Reformation to government repression in modern South Africa and the US culture wars of the early 1990s"--
"Why do we believe what we do about the concept of "economic growth"? Why has growth traditionally been measured by economic activity rather than by social factors like the well-being of the worst off in a given society? Seemingly arcane choices like these had implications not merely in the twentieth-century West but in the colonial and postcolonial states where economists and others prescribed this prevailing standard of economic success, usually with appalling results. Stephen J. Macekura here investigates how the conventional discourse around growth took shape and how it gained worldwide cultural and political power. His transnational history examines how key intellectuals, policymakers, and activists conceptualized, pursued, and often resisted prevailing notions of economic development. Reformers criticized persistent flaws in the growth discourse, the misplaced faith in economic growth as a panacea for social and political ills, and the reliance on economic indicators as representations of the world's complexities. Macekura's cast is vibrant and large, and his story covers the sweeping geography of the cold war and more. By historicizing the terms and concepts that underwrite today's increasingly inequitable conditions, Macekura opens the door to pursuing more socially aware policies in the future"--
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