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"e;The human body is a machine whose movements are directed by the soul,"e; wrote Rene Descartes in the early seventeenth century. The intr- sic mechanisms of this machine gradually became clear through the hard work of Renaissance scientists. Leonardo da Vinci is one such scientist from this period of enlightenment. In pursuit of knowledge, Leonardo dissected the bodies of more than 30 men and women. He sawed the bones lengthwise, to see their internal structure; he sawed the skull, cut through the vertebrae, and showed the spinal cord. In the process, he took extensive notes and made carefully detailed sketches. His drawings d- ferentiated muscles that run across several joints from those muscles that act on a single joint. "e;Nature has made all the muscles appertaining to the motion of the toes attached to the bone of the leg and not to that of the thigh,"e; wrote Leonardo in 1504 next to one of his sketches of the lower extremity, "e;because when the knee joint is flexed, if attached to the bone of the thigh, these muscles would be bound under the knee joint and would not be able to serve the toes. The same occurs in the hand owing to the flexion of the elbow. "e; Another Renaissance scholar who made fundamental contributions to the physiology of movement is Giovanni Alfonso Borelli. Born in 1604 in Naples, Borelli was a well-respected mathematician.

Categories for the Working Mathematician provides an array of general ideas useful in a wide variety of fields. Starting from the foundations, this book illuminates the concepts of category, functor, natural transformation, and duality. The book then turns to adjoint functors, which provide a description of universal constructions, an analysis of the representations of functors by sets of morphisms, and a means of manipulating direct and inverse limits. These categorical concepts are extensively illustrated in the remaining chapters, which include many applications of the basic existence theorem for adjoint functors. The categories of algebraic systems are constructed from certain adjoint-like data and characterized by Beck's theorem. After considering a variety of applications, the book continues with the construction and exploitation of Kan extensions. This second edition includes a number of revisions and additions, including two new chapters on topics of active interest. One is on symmetric monoidal categories and braided monoidal categories and the coherence theorems for them. The second describes 2-categories and the higher dimensional categories which have recently come into prominence. The bibliography has also been expanded to cover some of the many other recent advances concerning categories.

In its first edition, Principles of Clinical Medicine for Space Flight established itself as the authoritative reference on the contemporary knowledge base of space medicine and standards of care for space flyers. It received excellent notices and is used in the curricula of civilian and military training programs and used as a source of questions for the Aerospace Medicine Certifying Examination under the American Board of Preventive Medicine. In the intervening few years, the continuous manning of the International Space Station has both strengthened existing knowledge and uncovered new and significant phenomena related to the human in space.  The Second Edition incorporates this information. Gaps in the first edition will be addressed with the addition new and revised chapters. This edition is extensively peer reviewed and represents the most up to date knowledge.

This volume presents the latest collection of immunophenotypic techniques and applications used in research and clinical settings. Chapters in this book cover topics such as constructions of high dimensions fluorescence and mass cytometry panels; fluorescence barcoding; using dried or lyophilized reagents; and immunophenotypic examples of specific cell types. The book concludes with a discussion on the critical roles of quality control and immunophenotyping in the clinical environment. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and comprehensive, Immunophenotyping: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for any researchers, clinician, or scientist interested in learning more about this evolvingfield.

This book is about estimation in situations where we believe we have enough knowledge to model some features of the data parametrically, but are unwilling to assume anything for other features. Such models have arisen in a wide variety of contexts in recent years, particularly in economics, epidemiology, and astronomy. The complicated structure of these models typically requires us to consider nonlinear estimation procedures which often can only be implemented algorithmically. The theory of these procedures is necessarily based on asymptotic approximations.

The main aim of this fourth volume is to complement the first three volumes published in 2004 and 2012 by adding advanced methodologies and perspectives. Chapters guide readers through new techniques into the study of platelets and megakaryocytes, including new imaging approaches, new methods for platelet production in vitro, and systems biology approaches. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, methods chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and vital tips on troubleshooting or avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and up-to-date, Platelets and Megakaryocytes: Volume 4, Additional Protocols and Perspectives adds a wealth of new expertise for the labs of scientists working in this key biological area of study.

Residues of pesticides and other "e;foreign"e; chemicals in foodstuffs are of concern to everyone everywhere; they are essential to food production and manufacture, yet without surveillance and intelligent control some of those that persist could at times conceivably endanger the public health. The object of "e;Residue Reviews"e; is to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy, and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of residues of thes. e chemicals in foods, in feeds, and in transformed food products. These reviews are either general or specific, but properly they may lie in the domains of analytical chemistry and its methodology, biochemistry, human and animal medicine, legislation, pharmacology, physiology, regulation, and toxicology; certain a:ffairs in the realm of food technology that are concerned specifically with pesticide and other food-additive problems are also appropriate subject matter. The justification for the preparation of any review for this book- series is that it deals with some aspect of the many real problems arising from the presence of residues of foreign chemicals in foodstuffs. The scope of "e;Residue Reviews"e; is international. It encompasses those matters, in any country, which are involved in allowing pesticide and other plant-protecting chemicals to be used safely in producing, storing, and shipping crops. Added plant or animal pest-control chemicals or their metabolites that may persist into' meat and other edible animal products (milk and milk products, eggs, etc.

Fuzzy logic has become an important tool for a number of different applications ranging from the control of engineering systems to artificial intelligence. In this concise introduction, the author presents a succinct guide to the basic ideas of fuzzy logic, fuzzy sets, fuzzy relations, and fuzzy reasoning, and shows how they may be applied.