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Organized as a series of engaging, thoroughly contextualized biographies, Twenty-Five Women Who Shaped the Italian Renaissance takes readers on a journey through early modern Italy that places women at the heart of the artistic and cultural developments of this transformative era. Though many of their names have been neglected by history, women made fundamental contributions to Renaissance art and science; to music, poetry, and politics. Highlighted here are figures like Caterina Sforza, who defended her city against an invading army and was celebrated by Niccolò Machiavelli; Veronica Franco, the Venetian courtesan whose erotic verse enthralled Europe; Sofonisba Anguissola, acclaimed for her arresting portraits; Isabella Andreini, the original "prima donna" of Italian theater; and Margherita Sarrocchi, the epic poet and mathematics prodigy who corresponded with Galileo Galilei.The artists, writers, composers, philosophers, and feminists of Twenty-Five Women Who Shaped the Italian Renaissance overcame daunting obstacles to find their own voices. Excluded from the educational opportunities granted to men, often forced into arranged marriages or confined to the convent, subject to ingrained hostility toward female sexuality: each dared to challenge deeply entrenched ideas about what a woman should or could do or be. Springing from a range of backgrounds and circumstances, these women defied conventions about the "proper" place of their sex to make their own mark on the Renaissance.The perfect resource for anyone wishing to broaden their understanding of the Renaissance and early modern women.The series Twenty-Five Women Who Shaped... looks at different periods in history and uncovers the women who helped to lay the cultural, political, social, or religious foundations of the time in question. The books offer accessible, well-researched introductions to influential female figures across the ages and around the world, enabling general readers to gain a reliable, richly detailed overview.

This book examines the performance strategies used by contemporary Iranian artists and activists to reimagine "Iranian-ness" in the context of Iran's local, regional, and global position. This study identifies the important social and political interventions made by theatrical and performance pieces, visual art, and electronic music that articulate and reformulate Iranian-ness by breaking away from fixed and constructed stereotypes projected on them by both the Islamic regime and Western power. This book explores the reception and context within which artworks become meaningful performative acts. Looking closely at the works of a notable female Iranian photographer, Shadi Ghadirian, in conjunction with the new generation of Iranian nonconformist artists such as Tahmineh Monzavi and Hedieh Ahmadi; the visionary theatre productions of Ali Akbar Alizad; and radically untraditional sound/noise of the electronic music movement in Tehran, this book calls attention to the Iran-based artists who are tirelessly trying to raise awareness regarding the political violence imposed on Iranian identity at the legal (top-down) and everyday (bottom-up) levels. This volume will be of great interest to student and scholars in theatre and performance, photography, art, music, sociology, and politics.

Focusing on transculturality, this edited volume explores how the role of translation and the idea of (un)translatability in the transformative complementation of different civilizations facilitates the transcultural connection between Chinese and other cultures in the modern era.Bringing together established international scholars and emerging new voices, this collection explores the linguistic, social, and cultural implications of translation and transculturality. The 13 chapters not only discuss the translation of literature, but also break new ground by addressing the translation of cinema, performance, and the visual arts, which are active bearer of modern and contemporary culture that are often neglected by academics. Our volume is ground-breaking in its trans-disciplinary attention to the study of translation related to China and such a trans-disciplinality should serve as a ground-breaking leverage for other areas of humanities as well. Through an engagement with these diverse fields, the title aims not only to reflect on how translation has reproduced values, concepts, and cultural forms, but also to stimulate the emergence of new possibilities in the dynamic transcultural interplay between China and the diverse national, cultural-linguistic, and contexts of Europe, the Americas, and Asia. It shows how cultures have been appropriated, misunderstood, transformed, and reconstructed through processes of linguistic mediation, as well as how knowledge, understanding, and connections have been generated through transculturality.The book will be a must read for scholars and students of translation studies, transcultural studies, and Chinese studies.

Slavery, first published in 1958, examines four main types of modern slavery: chattel slavery; the sale of women into marriage; the sale of children into work and prostitution; serfdom. It marshals an astonishing array of findings into modern slavery, and outlines the history of the anti-slavery movement.

Drawing from a diverse range of interdisciplinary voices, this book explores how spaces of care shape our affective, material, and social forms, from the most intimate scale of the body to our planetary commons.Typical definitions of care center around the maintenance of a liveable life: encompassing everything from shelter and welfare to health and safety. Architecture plays a fundamental role in these definitions, inscribed in institutional archetypes such as the home, the hospital, the school, and the nursery. However, these spaces often structure modes of care that prescribe gender roles, bodily norms, and labor practices. How can architecture instead engage with an expanded definition of care that eschews such roles and norms, producing more hybrid entanglements between our bodies, our collective lives, and our environments? Chapters in this volume explore issues ranging from disabled domesticities and nursing, unbuilding whiteness in the built environment, practices and pedagogies of environmental care, and the solidarity networks within 'The Cloud'. Case studies include Floating University Berlin, commoning initiatives by the Black Panther party, and hospitals for the United Mine Workers of America, among many other sites and scales of architectural care.Exploring architecture through the lenses of gender studies, labor theory, environmental justice, and the medical humanities, this volume will engage students and academics from a wide range of disciplines.

This textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the strategic history of the past two centuries, showing how those 200 years were shaped and reshaped extensively by war. The book takes a broad view of what was relevant to the causes, courses, and consequences of conflict.The volume provides students with a strong grounding in the contribution of war to the development of the modern world, from the pre-industrial era to the age of international terrorism and smart weapons. Covering all the major wars of the past two centuries, the third edition has been revised and updated and now includes: - new introductory essays at the start of each section to help students recognise historical turning points and strategic themes;- revised and updated material on the post-Cold War period, accommodating new developments and contemporary perspectives;- new material on non-Western views on strategy, especially Sun Tzu;- a new chapter on 'The Age of Acceleration and Great Power Competition', starting with the death of Bin Laden and ending with the Ukraine crisis;- a new Conclusion, offering a synthesis between the message of earlier editions and the state of strategy today.This textbook will be essential reading for students of strategic studies, security studies, war studies, International Relations and international history.

The Routledge Companion to History and the Moving Image takes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding history in moving images. It engages this popular and dynamic field that has evolved rapidly from film and television to digital streaming into the age of user-created content.The volume addresses moving image history through a theoretical lens; modes and genres; representation, race, and identity; and evolving forms and formats. It brings together a range of scholars from across the globe who specialize in film and media studies, cultural studies, history, philosophy of history, and education. Together, the chapters provide a necessary contemporary analysis that covers new developments and questions that arise from the shift to digital screen culture. The book examines technological and ethical concerns stemming from today's media landscape, but it also considers the artificial construction of the boundaries between professional expertise and amateur production. Each contributor's unique approach highlights the necessity of engaging with moving images for the academic discipline of history.The collection, written for a global audience, offers accessible discussions of historiography and a compelling resource for advanced undergraduates and postgraduates in history, film and media studies, and communications.Chapter 17 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http: //www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license.

Placebo effects have been recognised by medicine and by science, yet only recently has systematic research begun to fully understand what they are and how they work. Sport and exercise scientists started systematic research to better understand the potential performance-enhancing effects of placebos as well as how a range of treatments are used in sport, from nutritional supplements to psychological interventions to sports medicine treatments. Placebo Effects in Sport and Exercise synthesises this field of research of the influence placebo effects have in sport and exercise.This book brings together many of the world's leading and emerging placebo effect researchers to help readers gain an understanding of core research findings from within sports and exercise science as well as sport and exercise-related contributions from experts in anthropology, medicine, and neuroscience. Readers will gain an insight of what placebo and nocebo effects are, how they might influence sport and exercise performance and outcomes, and how they might significantly influence the effectiveness of performance and health interventions.The book investigates various practical and ethical implications for the sport and exercise practitioner, student, and researcher to consider. Can a placebo work if the athlete knows it's a placebo? Should practitioners use placebos to enhance performance? Can the use of placebos reduce doping? Are some sports medicine treatments little more than placebos?With the rapid growth of applied sports medicine, as well as the concept of exercise as a mental health treatment in its own right, Placebo Effects in Sport and Exercise is key reading for students and researchers of sport psychology as well as those out in the field.

This is the first full-length biography of New York surgeon and social activist Stephen Smith (1823-1922), who was appointed to fifty years of public service by three mayors, seven governors, and two U.S. presidents.

The Routledge Handbook of Music and Migration: Theories and Methodologies is a progressive, transdisciplinary paradigm-shifting core text for music and migration studies. Conceptualized as a comprehensive methodological and theoretical guide, it foregrounds the mobile potentials of music and presents key arguments about why musical expressions matter in the discussion of migration politics.24 international specialists in music and migration set methodological and theoretical standards for transdisciplinary collaborations in the field of migration studies, discussing 41 keywords, such as mobility, community, research ethics, human rights, and critical whiteness in the context of music and migration. The authors then apply these terms to 16 chapters, which deal with ethnomusicological, musicological, sociological, anthropological, geographical, pedagogical, political, economic, and media-related methodologies and theories which reflect and contest current discourses of migration. In their interdisciplinary focus, these chapters advance interrelations between music and migration as enabling factors for socio-cultural studies. Furthermore, the authors tackle crucial questions of agency, equality, and equity as well as the responsibilities and expectations of writers and artists when researching migration phenomena as innate human experience. As a result, this handbook provides scholars and students alike with relevant and applicable methodological and theoretical tools in addition to an extensive literature and research review for further research.

This new text is a guide for understanding, envisioning, and acting on the lessons of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) research in English Language Teaching (ELT) classrooms. The volume is the result of the cooperation of an international team which includes members involved in research, teacher education, and classroom practice.This collection bridges theory, methodology, and real-world application of ELF research for the first time. Chapters offer a variety of practical perspectives and support teachers to better prepare their students for the reality of how the English language is used around the world today.With close attention to the nuts and bolts of teaching - as well as useful features for further investigation, discussion, and application - this book will be a helpful, practical resource for current/in-service and future/prospective English language teachers, teacher trainers and mentors, and curriculum designers.

Behind the Tube (1990) tells the story of the unseen foundation of modern radio, TV and cable - the technology that enables programming to reach an audience. It charts the evolution of this technology in all its facets - technical, personal, economic and social. It captures the efforts, strategies, achievements and failures of prominent and unheralded figures and companies in the dynamic and competitive broadcast industry.

This book analyses the role of religion during the COVID- 19 pandemic and vaccination rollout in Zimbabwe.Zimbabwe was listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of thirteen African countries to have fully vaccinated more than 10% of its population against COVID- 19 by the end of September 2021, but the country fell far short of the government's own target for achieving 60% inoculation by December 2020. This book analyses whether religion played a role in explaining why the government's pro- vaccine stance did not translate into high vaccination rates. Drawing upon various religions, including African indigenous religions, Christianity and Islam, the book considers how faith actors demonstrated vaccine acceptance, resistance or hesitancy. Zimbabwe offers a particularly interesting and varied case for analysis, and the original research on display here will be an important contribution to wider debates on religion and COVID- 19. This book will be useful to academics, researchers and students studying religious studies, sociology, health and well- being, religion and development.

First published in 1983, English Literature in History, 1780-1830 is an original and provocative study of the literature of the Romantic period with an introduction by Raymond Williams. Roger Sales concentrates his analysis on two related themes. The first, the politics of pastoral, analyses the use of this genre by both established writers and poets who were enormously popular in their time, but who are now less well known. The author argues that all literary treatments of rural society in this period make political statements, particularly when they displace or disguise the economic facts of life. His second theme, the theatre of politics, introduces the reader to some of the main political events of the period, and demonstrates how their form and presentation can illuminate some of the literature of the period. This book will be of interest to students and teachers of English literature.

This book considers how certainty and faith are related in the Christian faith. It asks: How certain can Christian believers be about their beliefs about God? Should Christians doubt the assurance of their salvation? The chapters provide a historical analysis of both certainty of faith and assurance from the early Church to modern times while also paying attention to confessional differences. The author explores contemporary debates in analytic epistemology on the certainty and fallibility of our beliefs and argues for a fallibilist understanding of Christian faith. The book also addresses some less-discussed arguments that threaten the certainty of faith and offers an account of faith as cognitive practice. It will be of interest to scholars of both theology and philosophy.

Objects and Intertexts in Toni Morrison's "Beloved" The Case for Reparations is an inspired contribution to the scholarship on one of the most influential American novels and novelists. The author positions this contemporary classic as a meditation on historical justice and re-comprehends it as both a formal tragedy-- a generic translation of fiction and tragedy or a "novel-tragedy" (Kliger)--and a novel of objects. Its many things--literary, conceptual, linguistic-- are viewed as vessels carrying the (hi)story and the political concerns. From this, a third conclusion is drawn: Fadem argues for a view of Beloved as a case for reparations. That status is founded on two outstanding object lessons: the character of Beloved as embodiment of the subject-object relations defining the slave state and the grammatical object "weather" in the sentence "The rest is..." on the novel's final page. This intertextual reference places Beloved in a comparative link with Hamlet and Oresteia. Fadem's research is meticulous in engaging the full spectrum of tragedy theory, much critical theory, and a full swathe of scholarship on the novel. Few critics take up the matter of reparations, still fewer the politics of genre, craft, and form. This scholar posits Morrison's tragedy as constituting a searing critique of modernity, as composed through meaningful intertextualities and as crafted by profound "thingly" objects (Brown). Altogether, Fadem has divined a fascinating singular treatment of Beloved exploring the connections between form and craft together with critical historical and political implications. The book argues, finally, that this novel's first concern is justice, and its chief aim to serve as a clarion call for material-- and not merely symbolic--reparations.This book is freely available to read at https: //taylorandfrancis.com/socialjustice/?c=language-literature-arts#

An elegant and intimate insight into the personal and practical processes of writing, Andrew Cowan's The Art of Writing Fiction draws on his experience as a prize-winning novelist and his work with emerging writers at the University of East Anglia.As illuminating for the recreational writer as for students of Creative Writing, the twelve chapters of this book correspond to the twelve weeks of a typical university syllabus, and provide guidance on mastering key aspects of fiction such as structure, character, voice, point of view, and setting, as well as describing techniques for stimulating creativity and getting the most out of feedback.This new edition offers extended consideration to structure, point of view, and the organisation of time in the novel, as well as the conduct of the Creative Writing workshop in the light of the decolonising the curriculum movement. It features additional writing exercises, as well as an afterword with invaluable advice on approaching agents and publishers. The range of writers surveyed is greatly expanded, finding inspiration and practical guidance in the work of Margaret Atwood, Ayanna Lloyd Banwo, Richard Beard, Tsitsi Dangarembga, Richard Ford, Ashley Hickson-Lovence, Anjali Joseph, James Joyce, James Kelman, Ian McEwan, Arundhati Roy, Sam Selvon, Vikram Seth, and Ali Smith, among many others.With over 80 writing exercises and examples taken from dozens of novels and short stories, the new edition of The Art of Writing Fiction is enriched by the author's own experience as a novelist and lecturer, making it an essential guide for readers interested in the theory, teaching, and practice of Creative Writing.

This book, first published in 1981, provides a comprehensive appraisal of China's crafts. Its historical approach and numerous illustrations not only reveal the ancient origins of many of China's arts, but also offer the means for evaluating modern crafts in light of past achievements.

Resistance and Identity in Twenty-First Century Literature and Culture: Voices of the Marginalized is a compendium of reflections on literary texts, politics of literature and culture. The book proffers ruminations on the pivotal role of constructive and positive resistance to reconstruct identities for meaningful human existence. The disciplinary power and dominance coerce the natural body to resist and yearn for freedom. One can establish unique identity by refusing to conform to pressures of society that deform the natural body. Dominant forces and oppressive structures evoke resistance that can range from 'polite demurral' to 'refusal'. Resistance comes from the 'will' that refuses to be controlled and governed. The 'refusal' of the ordinary illuminates ordinary lives/ bodies. Language and literary texts contain essential truths of such human existence. Words and imaginary worlds in literary works reveal truth and suggest possibilities for reconfiguring the order.

First published in 1968, Virgil's Aeneid is to help all who approach the long and difficult poem seriously (in Latin or in English) to read it with discerning appreciation. This is not a handbook, nor is it a commentary: it is a critical description, from a number of aspects, of a poetic structure. A detailed analysis of the twelve books is preceded by a preliminary exploration of the poem's central purpose, a careful reconstruction of the historical and artistic circumstances, and a description of the main outlines of the poem's structure; two further chapters provide a discussion of a number of theoretical problem and an analysis of the verbal fabric. This book will be of interest to students of classical literature and history.

The Malagasy World integrates the archaeology of Madagascar within linguistic, historic, and genetic inquiry and presents and synthesizes the most up-to-date knowledge from across these fields, with an emphasis on archaeology and material culture. The volume explores the complex questions of origins, settlement, and Indian Ocean history, interweaving linguistic, genetic and material evidence. Attention is given to the role of Madagascar as an important site for exploring the ancient exchange of foods and animals between Africa, South Asia and South East Asia as well as for understanding the flourishing medieval trade that took place across the Indian Ocean, alongside the introduction to the island of practices informed by Islam. Diverse and elaborate mortuary practices and megalithic traditions that are found throughout the nation currently and historically are examined along with the co-evolution of people and landscapes, the emergence of socio-political complexity in different parts of the island, the material poetics through which claims to sovereignty were articulated, and the effects of these changes on local communities. Finally, the changing context of the Western Indian Ocean in the last 500 years after the arrival of Europeans is investigated, particularly early colonial encounters, and the uneven effects and consequences of the trade in enslaved people. The Malagasy World is aimed at archaeologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists interested in Africa, the Indian Ocean and environmental history.

The Routledge Companion to Folk Horror offers a comprehensive guide to this popular genre. It explores its origins, canonical texts and thinkers, the crucial underlying themes of nostalgia and hauntology, and identifies new trends in the field.Divided into five parts, the first focuses on the history of Folk Horror from medieval texts to the present day. It considers the first wave of contemporary Folk Horror through the films of the 'unholy trinity', as well as discussing the influence of ancient gods and early Folk Horror. Part 2 looks at the spaces, landscapes, and cultural relics, which form a central focus for Folk Horror. In Part 3, the contributors examine the rich history of the use of folklore in children's fiction. The next part discusses recent examples of Folk Horror-infused music and image. Chapters consider the relationship between different genres of music to Folk Horror (such as folk music, black metal, and new wave), sound and performance, comic books, and the Dark Web. Often regarded as British in origin, the final part analyses texts which break this link, as the contributors reveal the larger realms of regional, national, international, and transnational Folk Horror.Featuring 40 contributions, this authoritative collection brings together leading voices in the field. It is an invaluable resource for students and scholars interested in this vibrant genre and its enduring influence on literature, film, music, and culture.

The Routledge Handbook of Language and Religion is the first ever comprehensive collection of research on religion and language, with over 35 authors from 15 countries, presenting a range of linguistic and discourse analytic research on religion and belief in different discourse contexts. The contributions show the importance of studying language and religion and for bringing together work in this area across sub-disciplines, languages, cultures, and geographical boundaries. The Handbook focuses on three major topics: Religious and Sacred Language, Institutional Discourse, and Religious Identity and Community. Scholars from a variety of different disciplinary backgrounds investigate these topics using a range of linguistic perspectives including Cognitive Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, Sociolinguistics, Pragmatics, and Conversation Analysis. The data analysed in these chapters come from a variety of religious backgrounds and national contexts. Linguistic data from all the major world religions are included, with sacred texts, conversational data, and institutional texts included for analysis.The Handbook is intended to be useful for readers from different subdisciplines within linguistics, but also to researchers working in other disciplines including philosophy, theology, and sociology. Each chapter gives both a template for research approaches and suggestions for future research and will inspire readers at every stage of their career.

Poems, Meditations, and short stories celebrate the world view of the Mongolian people, in particular their belief in the harmony of the natural world and in the interconnectedness of all living things.

Telecommunications in Developing Countries (1990) stresses the importance of modern, micro electronics-based telecommunications for developing economies in providing a basic communications infrastructure for economic and industrial development and the springboard for new information technology activities. Although progress in telecommunications has so far been concentrated in the most advanced regions of the world, some developing countries can bypass older, less efficient forms of telecommunications and go straight to microelectronic technology. This book is the first to examine the challenges and difficulties facing developing countries in this field. extending existing theories of technology transfer and diffusion, Michael Hobday offers an explanation of the forces for change in the telecommunications industry. He then examines Brazil's experience in telecommunications, from developing the technology and building up a modern infrastructure to controlling multinational suppliers of equipment. Dr Hobday explains why Brazil's efforts in this area have succeeded, and offers lessons for other developing countries.

The third edition of this magisterial account of medicine in the Greek and Roman worlds, written by the foremost expert on the subject, has been updated to incorporate the many new discoveries made in the field over the last decade.This revised volume includes discussions of several new or forgotten works by Galen and his contemporaries, as well as of new archaeological material. RNA analysis has expanded our understanding of disease in the ancient world; the book explores the consequences of this for sufferers, for example in creating disability. Nutton also expands upon the treatment of pre-Galenic medicine in Greece and Rome. In addition, subtitles and a chronology will make for easier student consultation, and the bibliography is substantially revised and updated, providing avenues for future student research. This third edition of Ancient Medicine will remain the definitive textbook on the subject for students of medicine in the classical world, and the history of medicine and science more broadly, with much to interest scholars in the field as well.

First published in 1975, The English Morality Play is the extended history of the English morality play, its persistence and flourishing as a dramatic tradition. The book sheds light on the intellectual and social origins of the morality play, its relationship to the medieval Corpus Christi cycle plays, its subject, purpose, conditions of original staging, and the abstract characters of its dramatis personae. The changing tradition is revealed within Renaissance drama, in the works of Skelton and Medwall, and the Reformation plays of Lindsay, Bale and Udall, as the morality play altered under the pressure of political events, escaped from the general suppression of religious drama, and in complex ways came to influence the dramatic conceptions of Marlowe, Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. Contemporary parallels to the English morality tradition in European drama are investigated, as is the rediscovery of the texts of the plays by eighteenth- and nineteenth-century critics. In the final chapter, Dr. Potter examines the revival of the morality tradition on the twentieth-century stage and its influence on such dramatists as Bernard Shaw, T. S. Eliot, W. B. Yeats and Bertolt Brecht. This book will be of interest to students of literature and drama.

This collection surveys the state of the art of computer-assisted literary translation (CALT), making the case for its potential to enhance literary translation research and practice. This volume will be of interest to students and scholars in Translation Studies, especially literary and machine translation, and translation technologies.

Love and Technology: An Ethnography of Dating App Users in Berlin explores how dating apps fit into Berlin's unique dating culture and brand of intimacy, and form a tangible nucleus around which users navigate dating rituals, romantic biographies, and digitally mediated intimacies within city space.

Sixteen studies in religious phenomena, including Psychology and Religion and Answer to Job.