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Water is an essential element for our life. In order to ensure its quality, the development of biomonitoring tools has become essential. In this context, biosensors provide an answer that includes both chemical and toxicological detection. The technology presented in this paper is a biosensor based on the evaluation of the activity of photosynthetic systems. The scientific basis underlying this concept, both in terms of the material used and the response measured, is detailed. This document is intended as an incentive for the large-scale use of simple, effective and economical tools for water biomonitoring.

The light can be considered as the physical agent essential to the vision. It is an electromagnetic wave with a double aspect: It is an electromagnetic field that varies in space and time, the light is therefore part of electromagnetic waves. This is its wave aspect. It is also a flow of particles or photons which gives light the corpuscular aspect. Unlike the geometric optics treated in optics I, optics II describes the phenomena of interference and diffraction that occur when the sources are coherent with each other:. The phenomenon of light polarization is the process of converting unpolarized light into polarized light. The light in which the particles vibrate in a direction or in a preferred geometric form is called polarized light. The Fresnel coefficients, express the relationship between the amplitudes of reflected and transmitted waves in relation to the amplitude of the incident wave. They evaluate the optical behavior of optical multilayers, from the simplest of them, the blade with parallel face, to the most complex.

This research paper first provides a theoretical clarification of the concepts of customer acquisition and loyalty and then considers them in the context of so-called relational marketing. Then, the stakes inherent to these concepts are put forward in the case study of a Pyrenean ski resort (Piau-Engaly). Finally, action levers are proposed in order to win over and/or retain a tourist clientele that is increasingly demanding and volatile.

Good nutrition is a factor in the growth of children and in the performance of young athletes. This book describes the different needs that make up a good diet, and the nutrition related to African specificities. What are the essential energy requirements for improved performance? The author describes the types of ration for training, competition and recovery. Nutrition remains an essential element for growth. In the case of a young athlete, the needs are those of growth and the specificities of the sport practiced. An unbalanced diet leads to a delay in the onset of puberty by 2 to 3 years. The author underlines the type of sport to be practiced according to age and their classification in the different categories. In addition, the appearance of certain cartilage injuries can occur, so it is wise to know how to prevent them or deal with them if necessary. Here you will find all the treatment methods. You will now know how to prevent your child's growth defects and your young athlete's injuries.

The world of prehistoric animals is fascinating and is the domain of a science called Paleontology, which is dedicated to the study of these animals extinct millions of years ago, from their remains that are embedded in rocks all over the world and are called fossils. Thus we have been able to learn about the megafauna that lived on the planet in the past, the plants and ecosystems in which they developed their life cycle through the discovery of their bones, teeth, scales, claws, footprints and insects trapped in amber. You will also learn about the rocks, the strata, the geochronological history of the Earth, how these animals evolved and about the historical development of this science.

In a world marked by the new world order, Africa must unite to resist in a world where scientific progress dictates the laws.Africa and West Africa in particular has always been dominated by the West and the Middle East. Thus, even if Africa has regained its independence, it is slow to regain its economic and political independence.During the great West African empires, the African kings had integrated all the vassal states on the economic, social, political, linguistic and cultural levels.During the colonization of West Africa, the colonial powers also tried to integrate all the colonies politically, culturally, economically and socially.After independence, the African states tried to integrate all the newly decolonized countries in the form of economic, social, political and cultural integration.

The personnel management policy in most organizations is nowadays one of the fundamental elements for the good functioning of a company. In this context, a better design of management policies followed by a good implementation allows not only to obtain outputs (returns) expected from the employees, but also an appreciation of the leaders. It is for this reason that the development of a good human capital management policy remains obviously at the center of the priorities of the companies of great reputation in the world. Thus, any successful company must certainly demonstrate a good policy in terms of training, compensation, skills assessment, recruitment, auditing, organizational behavior, commercial action, etc. As such, this book identifies the shortcomings found in the Civil Servants' Pension Fund that may well edify other companies around the world and builds strategies as suggestions and solutions that it proposes.

Intellectual property rights are a company's most valuable assets and a decisive factor in its competitiveness. They represent 75 to 90% of the market capitalization of listed companies. The world today is based on innovations and companies are the main actors of this world turned towards new technologies, it is impossible to ignore these intangible assets resulting from these innovations. Thus, the transfer of intangible assets cannot be assessed in an incidental manner and special attention must be paid to them within large-scale restructuring operations.

To search for an innovative solution that combines biology, design and technology to replace the traditional Expanded Polystyrene Packaging (EPS) with a 100% biodegradable and compostable bio-based product, made from mushroom mycelium in agroforestry or agroindustrial waste. The objective of this book is to promote the knowledge and application of mycelium as a new material and little used in the global market, being the perspective to look for an opportunity and a tangible proposal for developing countries.

The expression "Duty to Remember" designates and postulates the moral obligation to remember a historical, tragic event and its victims. Such is the ambition of this book. Indeed, since literature and history collide, we would like to take a look at the Algerian deportees in New Caledonia and this part of the history of the conquest of Algeria, which is little explored by language and culture students. Through this book, we will demonstrate how the novels attributed to them raise, first, the question of exile and the torments of the prison. Then, we will study the memory and its exclusive role as for the conservation even the safeguard of a past which would be otherwise irremediably lost. And on the other hand, we will try to confirm that the memory becomes the motive par excellence to build the imaginary.

Peripheral arterial disease occurs due to obstruction at the arterial level. This obstruction is mainly due to atherosclerosis resulting in turn from the accumulation of lipids and fibrous material between the muscular and intimal tunica of the blood vessel wall. The risk factors are similar to cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes or metabolic syndrome). The diagnosis requires an adequate clinical history, an exhaustive physical examination (decrease in peripheral pulses), the ankle-arm index (ABI) and the use of diagnostic tools such as: duplex, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Management will depend on the stage of the disease and is aimed at alleviating symptoms and reducing the risk of progression of cardiovascular disease.

This research focuses on INGOs (International Non-Governmental Organizations) and more specifically on employee involvement in INGOs in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It focuses on the effects of HR practices and employability on the organizational commitment of local employees working in INGOs. The concepts of organizational commitment, employability and psychological contract are the subject of a rich and abundant literature. Beyond these notions, this study highlights the specificities of INGOs (e.g., their vulnerability and the precariousness of the jobs offered to local employees) by highlighting the particularities of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Isotope exploration is an in-depth imaging technique of most organs of the human body. It is therefore obvious that this field touches a multitude of disciplines. The training objectives for future nuclear medicine specialists are well structured and include a radio-clinical component, a technological component and training in radiation protection. Isotope imaging is not yet part of the training curriculum of a family physician.In the context of planning a training course and in order to ensure that the rightthe right remedy is applied to the right problem, thus ensuring maximum benefit forprofessionals and their organizations, we have opted for a training needs analysis witha training needs analysis with practicing physicians in order to develop recommendations for optimizing the training and learning programs of thetraining and learning programs in our institution's medical curriculum.institution.

This book allows us to talk about the cases presented on epilepsy, which is a generalized epileptic seizure in children and adults, that which lasts five minutes or more, or two or more seizures without recovery of alertness in a period of 30 minutes. Status epilepticus is the most frequent pediatric neurological emergency, with an incidence of 18 to 23 per 100,000 children per year. This pathology has a significant morbimortality when not properly treated. This research focused on evaluating the therapeutic alliance of pediatricians to the treatment algorithm of pediatric patients with status epilepticus at the Hospital del Niño DIF Hidalgo.

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a major public health problem due to its high and increasing prevalence and its growing socio-economic impact. As a result, T2DM is currently one of the most worrying diseases in both industrialized and developing countries.This book dealing with T2DM is certainly a work providing solid bases and scientific information in a simple way, in order to be understood by all readers, thus allowing to apprehend and de-dramatize diabetes in its globality, with its complications, to help in the prevention and monitoring of diseases associated with diabetic disease, or simply to learn more about a disease that permeates more and more our daily life.

This book attempts to explain the factors that may be at the origin of the conflict situation in the African Great Lakes region. The case study was the territory of Uvira, Fizi and Mwenga where Rwandophones live. But this issue also affects the whole region. This justifies the enlargement of our field of study. The choice of the territory of Uvira, Fizi and Mwenga can be explained by the fact that the Rwandophones known as Banyamulenge, who have taken up arms against the government and the Congolese population, identify themselves as originating from this territory. Using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, data was collected from sixteen individuals. The analysis of the results showed that there are several factors that come into play to suggest a practical solution to these conflicts, which appear to be ethnic but are in fact not. After the wars that have plunged this part of the DR Congo into mourning, these communities in conflict live in almost total mistrust and look at each other with a glare. The re-establishment of a bond of trust would be desirable.

Insecurity in the highlands of the Uvira and Fizi areas of South Kivu, not far from the border with Burundi, is not necessarily the same as in Beni in North Kivu, where rebels operate on the border with Uganda, or not far from the town of Bunia in the north of the region. It cannot therefore be stated that this violence is inter-community or inter-ethnic, as was the case between 1999 and 2003. Nor can it be accepted and argued that they are fundamentally related to terrorist, Islamist and extremist movements, whether or not they are close to the Islamic State. These are conflicts that are structured by a set of diverse factors: political, institutional, economic, social, access to resources, identity. The issues, motivations and armed mobilizations abound in this perspective also at different levels: government, international actors, armed groups and communities.

The book is developed based on the following question: Has the right to education in virtual mode in the Educational Unit "Teodoro Gómez de la Torre" in the year 2020 - 2021 been effective? The objectives have been configured: To show the theoretical, normative and social context of the right to education in virtual modality. To show the methodological basis of the research that guides the reception of data generated by the surveys applied to the students. To make critical reflections on the results obtained from the application of the survey. It has been pertinent to develop the quantitative method, because the information is processed to transform it into numerical data by means of statistics, which will allow an integral analysis of the data and will help to answer the questions derived from the research and therefore will facilitate the configuration of the necessary conclusions. Based on the results, 72% of the students belong to the rural sector, that is to say, they belong to the different communities surrounding the city of Ibarra, thus, it is very difficult for these sectors to have a high spectrum of internet.

In Euclidean Geometry, the simplest and best known figures are studied, such as: straight lines, squares, circles, cones, pyramids, among others. In this context, many phenomena and shapes are found in nature, which cannot be explained in the conventional mathematical molds, requiring a special theory to explain and characterize them, known as fractal geometry. According to (TRICOT, 1955) fractal means "broken", which are geometric shapes with some special characteristics that define and distinguish them from other shapes, such as self-similarity at different levels of scale. Currently, fractal geometry, especially the fractal dimension, has been used in several areas of knowledge, such as the study of chaotic systems, image analysis and pattern recognition, texture analysis, among others. This book presents numerical simulation along with mathematical concepts with object oriented programming languages, allowing the topological representation of fractals.

Breast cancer is the first cancer of women in the world and in Tunisia with an incidence of 46.3 and 37.8 cases / 100 000 inhabitants per year respectively. It is the second cause of cancer mortality in women in Tunisia with 17 deaths / 100 000 inhabitants per year.The management of metastatic breast cancer has undergone several advances over the past decades leading to an improvement in patient survival. However, 15 to 30% of patients will develop brain metastases (BM) during their disease. They can occur synchronously (at the time of diagnosis of the primary cancer) or metachronously (after 6 months of the end of the primary cancer treatment). The management of CD is multidisciplinary, involving neurologists, neurosurgeons, radiologists, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists and pathologists.Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the pillars of CD treatment and has long been the standard treatment with its different modalities.The place of surgery is discussed according to the operability and resectability of metastases, as well as the status of systemic disease.Systemic treatment can be based on chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted therapy and depends on the terrain, molecular classification and previously prescribed treatments.

The present research carried out within SOSUCAM is entitled: "the issue of employee participation in the management of change in business: the case of the implementation of the quality approach at SOSUCAM". The objective is to highlights the factors that favor or not the involvement of employees in the conduct of change within a company. Therefore, the study strives to understand how the involvement of SOSUCAM employees is operationalized in the conduct of the quality approach. In a specific way, it is a question for us of analyzing the impact of communication, training and social and economic factors in the involvement of employees in the quality approach. This work follows a qualitative-quantitative approach. The data we used come from documentary sources and interviews carried out on a sample of 150 employees from different departments of SOSUCAM. The study was based on symbolic interactionism (Berger P. & Luckmann T., 1996).

This study, initiated by the United Nations Development Organization (UNIDO) as part of the establishment of a regional observatory of the local economy in the Louga region, aims to identify the actors involved in the cowpea value chain in the department of Louga, to analyze the competitiveness of this legume and to identify promising niches. Documentary research was used to collect primary data and was complemented by questionnaires and interviews with all the main resource persons to capitalize on information related to cowpea cultivation in the study area.The results showed that cowpea is well integrated into the production system of producers in the study area. Cowpea occupies 21% of the area developed in 2013, with average yields of 250 kg/ha. This low yield rate can be explained by pest attacks on the one hand, but also by the fact that an undetermined quantity is sold as green cowpeas (pods).

The activity of public authorities must be aimed at the implementation and protection of the constitutional rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens. All state bodies and public servants within the limits of their authority must strictly promote: the creation of conditions ensuring a decent life and free development of man, protection of labor and health of people; state support of family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, disabled and elderly citizens; realization in practice of equality of human and civil rights and freedoms regardless of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official position, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, etc.

This form of warfare includes some methods and technologies of information influence. Some Western experts point to the increasing interest in the knowledge of human nature as a basis for the development of technologies of manipulation with information. The development of thought in this direction contributes to the development of more precise and effective mechanisms of influence on civil society, the army and the state as a whole, such technologies can be designated as socio-humanitarian technologies of information warfare.Therefore, taking into account the growth of conflict potential in the world, it seems important to analyze the system of situational-crisis response.

Digestive cancers, constitute a major and global public health problem, due to their frequency and severity. This is a multicenter descriptive epidemiological study from 2014 to 2018 on all cases of digestive cancers diagnosed in the East and South-East Algerian region. The gender distribution of digestive cancers shows that: In men, colorectal cancer occupies the first place with a crude and standardized rate of 14.6 and 19.3 per 100,000 inhabitants followed by stomach cancer with an average crude and standardized rate of 5.9 and 8.2 per 100,000 respectively, then comes the pancreatic cancer which represents 9.8% of all digestive cancers In women, the same distribution, however it is the cancer of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts that occupies the third place with a crude and standardized rate of 3.2 and 4.6 per 100 000 inhabitants. Cancers of the esophagus and small intestine are rare, representing less than 3% of digestive cancers. Their frequency will continue to increase in this region if no preventive measures are taken.

As a Sahelian, landlocked and essentially agricultural country, natural resource management in Burkina Faso is a highly strategic issue. This is the case for the management of natural resources in the Kou watershed. Indeed, several methods and approaches have been used to ensure sustainable management of natural resources and associated ecosystems in this basin, but the results have fallen short of expectations because the natural resources continue to degrade, sometimes at an accelerated rate. This situation has led us to reexamine the methods used, from the customary methods deployed before colonization to those used during and after colonization. The guiding thread of our study is, in the light of current and future needs and challenges, strengths and weaknesses of these methods, how to do better to ensure sustainable management of natural resources and associated ecosystems in this basin in order to make them levers of sustainable local development so desired.

This book focuses on the theoretical foundations of Dutch Disease, as well as the empirical roots of its incidence and emergence, and is divided into three chapters: the first chapter presents the history of occurrence of Dutch Disease from which economists have noted a strong export of hydrocarbons to the detriment of other manufacturing products, which created a deindustrialization effect. The second chapter outlines the models of the phenomenon developed by Gregory 1976, Corden and Neary 1982, and Corden 1984. Finally, the third chapter illustrates the mechanisms of Dutch disease, highlighting the impact of an exchange rate appreciation on a resource-rich economy.

The overall aim of this work is to contribute to the protection of the KBNP and its natural resources at all times, even during periods of armed conflict, with a view to maintaining its overall ecological, socio-economic, and even cultural and specific value.To achieve our objective and results, which will be presented in the third chapter, we used comparative, descriptive, historical, explanatory and synthetic methods supported by documentary, survey and observation techniques to collect our precious data.Thus, the various results obtained (100% of respondents who recognized the presence of armed conflict actors or armed groups in and around the KBNP in the Lulingu sector, 3 types of ecological effects on the KBNP linked to the presence of these armed groups in and around the park were recognized by the respondents, and 4 types of mechanisms were proposed by the respondents to fight against the presence of armed conflict actors in and around the Lulingu sector in the KBNP), enabled us to confirm our hypotheses.

Peritoneal dialysis is one of the methods of extrarenal purification in patients with end-stage renal disease and receiving replacement therapy.In 2015, estimates suggest that 272,000 people are on peritoneal dialysis worldwide about 11% of the dialysis population. Infectious complications are the most feared complications of this technique. There are two main types of infections: infections of the catheter outlet and infections of the dialysis fluid. These peritonitises occur essentially as a result of contamination during handling, or either by continuity following an outlet infection or in relation to a bacterial translocation through the digestive wall.The objective of this work is to evaluate the theoretical knowledge and practical conduct of young Tunisian nephrologists in terms of prevention of infectious complications in order to detect the difficulties encountered and remedy them.

This volume proposes themes and reflections specific to Special Pedagogy, such as accessibility, design and inclusive practices. The contributions collected here are aimed at investigating possible design trajectories addressed to teachers, in training and not, with the intention of presenting inclusive teaching actions that are useful not only for students with Special Educational Needs (BES), but for the whole class group.