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Agriculture is a fundamental tool for sustainable development and poverty reduction. Yet small-scale farmers still face many problems. These include very high transaction costs, low bargaining power in the input and output market. This problematic situation is particularly noticeable in Africa, where 80% of the population relies on agriculture for their livelihoods. Agriculture-based growth is a proven factor in poverty reduction (AfDB/ADF, 2010). The same situation hinders the socio-economic development of BURUNDI, with the agricultural sector contributing 90% of poverty reduction (SP/REFES-BURUNDI, 2016). To face such challenges, farmers prefer to form various types of producer organisations in both developing and developed countries.

Financial services are undergoing a profound transformation, driven by new paradigms and the dynamics set in motion by FinTech and web giants. They are at the forefront of this battle, driven by deregulation, technological innovation and changing usage patterns. The financial sector has only to watch out for the arrival of technological players likely to create new consumer needs.

Mauritania's subsoil contains numerous mining deposits that are being exploited and developed, giving this sector an important role in the national economy. Mining activity can unbalance the natural environment. It is in this context that this book is written, with a view to raising environmental awareness by emphasising the role of national legislation and institutions in addressing this major challenge.

PERCEPTION OF OWN MOVEMENT: contributions of the different sensory modalities and applications in cognitive ergonomics. This work extends the experiments carried out during my DEA internship in "Physiology and Biomechanics of Man in Motion". The internship took place in the team "Selection of idiomatic and temporal information in spatial navigation", under the direction of Mrs Isabelle ISRAËL, at the Laboratory of Physiology of Perception and Action directed by Mr Alain BERTHOZ (Collège de France). Why work on the perception of movement? At every moment man must maintain his balance, find his bearings, orient himself, direct himself, move, control and adjust his movements. The understanding of these different actions cannot be done without the understanding of the mechanisms of the processing of sensory information of movement.

The hospital is the ultimate care facility. However, there is a risk that the patient may acquire a nosocomial infection. In the context of the prevention of this type of infectious risk, sterilization holds a primordial place. Our study aims to evaluate Good Sterilization Practices (G.S.P.) in relation to standards in hospitals in Mali and Senegal. It will enable us to make recommendations for improving sterilization procedures. This work is part of the Master's program in Hospital and Community Pharmacy at Cheick Anta Diop University in Dakar. In the study, we present the problem of sterilization of medical devices and operating fields in hospitals and we make proposals for reorganizing the field in the structures studied.

Unlike conventional finance, the success of Islamic finance depends on both faith and economics. Furthermore, it is important to remember that the goal of Takaful practitioners is not to systematically "replicate" conventional insurance products and services in accordance with Islamic percepts, but to create new products and services that meet the needs of policyholders, even if this sometimes means slower growth. The challenge is to overcome the image of "cosmetic accounting" that unduly sticks to the Takaful business. Innovation will have to address products and services, processes and distribution. Until now, the insurance industry has always been able to renew its approaches and models and adapt its offers to societal evolutions. Today, almost all of this activity is being re-questioned, all the more so as it is being traversed, like other financial activities, by the digital revolution. Will the insurance industry, and particularly Takaful, be able to adapt? And above all, will they be able to impose themselves before others take their place?

The research focuses on ephemeral urban artistic practices. We are interested in observing the actions practiced in cities which, despite being quite different, share a similar sociocultural context. Artistic activities, in the public space, are a worldwide phenomenon and demonstrate a social responsibility of the artist, common in urban centres. The contemporary artist demonstrates a certain urgency to intervene in his context and to find breaches that allow him to break the continuous flows of daily life in a creative, procedural and experimental way. Based on the Berlin case study, we propose to make a cut of the new creative processes of contemporary art, in which the city is used as a central element. The space of collective use becomes a place of subjectivity production and also of social interaction, through the new urban artistic practices.

From time immemorial, man has been confronted with wound treatment, and the Babylonians, Egyptians and Indians were the first to pass on their knowledge to us 2000 years ago. Today, the future of ligatures and sutures lies in space and man can be replaced by "telemanipulators". However, knowledge of ligature and suture techniques remains indispensable. It is the merit of this work to bring together in one book.

This book aims to share the experience of various teachers and students who have implemented the pedagogical proposal of the tutoring relationship, an innovation that seeks an educational change in rural multigrade schools, where dialogue has become a way of exchanging learning experiences based on the interest in learning subjects that have already demonstrated their knowledge can be shared.

This book examines the link between bank liquidity and the financing of the economies of the six CEMAC countries between 1987 and 2007 through a panel data analysis. In the model inspired by Demirgüç-Kunt & Huizinga (1999), credits to the economy are the explained variable and correspond to the financing of the economy, while financial deepening, reserves, net foreign assets (NFA), inflation and lending rates are the explanatory variables. The results indicate that of all the explanatory variables, only reserves and NVA are significant. The former positively affects the financing of the economy, while the latter has a negative impact on financing. Based on our results, we recommend an increase in reserves for banks by ensuring the accumulation of reserves, in addition there should be a threshold of net external assets of banks set by the BEAC and finally a community fund supplied by the CEMAC member states.

Background: From November 2013 to May 2014, we conducted a randomised, single-blind study on the value of dexamethasone prophylaxis in the occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in ENT surgery at the Gabriel Toure University Hospital in Bamako. This study was based on the analysis of pre-anaesthetic consultations, anaesthesia records, postoperative treatment records and patient questioning.Objectives: The aim was to study the interest of Dexamethasone in the prevention of PONV, through the description of the characteristics of PONV, the determination of the risk of their occurrence, and the analysis of their risk factors in relation to Dexamethasone prophylaxis.Results: A total of 158 patients were enrolled; 43 patients had PONV, i.e. an overall incidence of 27.22%; of which 35.4% (28/79) in the absence of prophylaxis (Group B) versus 19.0% (15/79) with Dexamethasone prophylaxis (Group A).Key words: PONV (postoperative nausea and vomiting), prophylaxis, Dexamethasone, risk of occurrence, incidence.

The Moroccan tax system is essentially declarative, the taxpayers must declare spontaneously their profits and incomes and the control of the administration is often done a posteriori. This control is not done arbitrarily, but rather according to a procedure well determined by the legislator "the normal procedure of rectification following the verification of accounts", it is a set of techniques to control and ensure the sincerity of the accounts and declarations filed. When talking about this procedure, it is essential to remember that there are two main actors, namely the administration and the taxpayer, where the rules of the game are summarized in the framework of the powers of the administration and the definition of a protection framework for the taxpayer. To ensure this protection, the legislator has attributed a certain number of guarantees in the form of procedural rules that are imposed on the administration during the implementation of these control instruments, these rules are of fundamental scope.

In Africa, and more particularly in Côte d'Ivoire, there is a cohabitation between the national languages and French, so that the use of the latter presents specificities compared to Western countries of French expression.A great deal of emphasis is placed on the environment, which is presented as the factor that most influences the child's language development.The surveys conducted within the framework of this research theme, which include children from various social backgrounds, allow us to conclude that, in addition to the primary role of the environment on the child's language, it is rather the quality of the interaction offered to the child and his or her own psychomotor development that influences his or her language development.

With 72 years of existence, the CFA franc has been able to stay the course through the tumultuous and propitious situations of the international scene since its creation until today. Today, voices are being raised in Africa and Europe against the use of this currency within the franc zone, but it is still important to consider the French position on a possible discussion that could lead to a break-up or an improvement of the framework that governs this currency. How can we envisage an exit from or a rejection of the CFA franc when we know that its existence perpetuates the French position as a world power? If these questions make sense, it is simply because France is in a logic of expressing the exercise of its power and this is achieved through its control over its pre-squared territory in Africa and the CFA Franc is an instrument that expresses this state of affairs. Will the current protests in Africa find a favorable echo with this type of architecture on the international scene? We think not.

The sandstone plateau of the Houet province (Hauts-Bassins region) constitutes the southeastern edge of the Taoudéni sedimentary basin. This study on geomorphological mapping is conducted there. It is clear that mapping is nowadays a tool of choice in morphological studies in general and geomorphological studies in particular. The existing geomorphological maps of the sandstone plateau of the Houet province are on a small scale and therefore insufficiently detailed. A large-scale map shows sufficient detail on the geomorphological units of the study area. This study aimed to produce a large-scale geomorphological map of the sandstone plateau of the Houet province.

Poor access to drinking water and sanitation hinders a country's development on both an economic and human level. Third World countries in general and those of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in particular are confronted with problems of drinking water, hygiene and sanitation. According to the 2006 report of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the lack of water and sanitation leads to 1.8 million child deaths due to diarrhea per year in Sub-Saharan Africa.Burkina Faso, like other SSA countries, faces serious problems in this area, both in urban and rural areas. In the specific case of rural areas, this problem is accentuated by the notorious lack of infrastructure for drinking water, hygiene, sanitation and awareness. There is therefore an insufficiency and unequal distribution of drinking water, hygiene and sanitation infrastructures in the South-West region. This study aims to highlight the factors that explain the problem of access to drinking water, hygiene and sanitation in this part of the country.

Within the Office of the Attorney General of the Nation at its headquarters in the city of Monteria, there have been complaints and comments about the quality of service provided by officials who work there. In the opinion of the employees, the atmosphere within the entity is tense and stressful for them. For this reason, this research aims to determine the relationship between the organizational climate and the quality of the service provided by the employees of the organization. In order to develop it, a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional correlational study was carried out. The study population consisted of 52 employees of the entity to whom the organizational climate questionnaire of Litwin and Stringer was applied and 52 users of the services provided by the office to whom the SERVPERF questionnaire was applied. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 27 software, using Spearman's correlation formula, since the variables showed non-normal behavior. As a result of the analysis it was found that there was a correlation of -0.002 between the study variables.

Bedside ultrasound by the healthcare professional has revolutionized patient care worldwide, providing clinicians with immediate answers to clinical questions and guiding procedures safely.This monograph represents a concise guide to thoracic ultrasound for any clinician who is managing a patient in a clinical setting and helps answer specific questions about diagnosis and common disease processes.A case study is integrated in this monograph allowing the adoption of lung and pleuroparietal ultrasound, as an extension of the clinical examination, a means available at the patient's bed, non expensive and non irradiating, in the clinical reasoning of the patient.This monograph is dedicated to all specialties that take care of a patient in a clinical setting: (pneumology, internal medicine, emergency, resuscitation, cardiology)

The first section, entitled "Nursing and Occupational Health", deals with the background of the nursing practice in health and the current challenges that frame the path to follow based on historical, cultural, economic and technological facts that influence professional practice. The second section, entitled "Gender violence and breastfeeding", deals with the prevention, care and eradication of workplace violence against women, reflecting on the repercussions on women's health, self-esteem, physical and psychological integrity, freedom and safety, which hinders their professional development and equal employment opportunities.The coordinators of the book invite you to read this work, convinced that the chapters as a whole will provide elements for consultation as well as a contribution to the professional performance of the readers for the benefit of occupational health.

This book is a documented account of the first history of the "Real Fábrica de Loza y Porcelana de l'Alcora", which takes place in the century of the enlightenment, focusing on the technical aspects and color, through the formulations of pigments, pastes and glazes. The story is told through the mouth of Mariano Jacinto Causada, master of colors and jaspers that was of the Royal Factory. The story is commented from the technical point of view and presents the historical and technical documentary basis of the evolution of the Royal Factory in the relevant part of the eighteenth century, from its founding in 1727 until the collapse of the Moorish swamp of l'Alcora on October 8, 1787. Mariano Jacinto Causada was the third generation of an Aragonese family from Muel, who settled in l'Alcora and was transcendental in the evolution of the coloring of the pastes and glazes of l'Alcora. The story is introduced, in each of its chapters, by a recipe, of the many bequeathed by the technicians of the Royal Factory, and collected by Escrivá de Romaní in 1943, which is analyzed in the light of modern chemistry.

The greatness of a united Africa will be achieved through the union of its micro-states whose borders are the result of colonization. But beyond this great continental space, the true greatness lies in the values or virtues that the African peoples embody. The exploration with discernment and rectification of African traditions, leads to the rapprochement of all its populations in an African Union. And in the face of the great challenges of development and the enormous dangers of this world, it is now necessary to rely on the political and organic unity ensured by the federation of its states: the Community of African States to be built. This African Unity, which must be encouraged by other peoples outside the African continent, will allow Africa to better participate in the conduct of world affairs, to contribute to global progress, to defend its identity by bringing its grain of salt, through its model of humanism, so that all together, with other civilizations of the world, we can make this world beautiful. To achieve this, young scholars and elites in various activities must play a leading role.

We believe that the Moroccan State should act on the body responsible for fighting against tax resistance, this body is only the tax administration, this action should allow a more effective reorganization, a strengthening on the human level that it is in quantity or quality, but also on the material level especially what directly concerns this scourge that really affects and gives a weakness on the economic and social development plan. Finally, the difficulty in studying this phenomenon is the lack of information.

The crèche is a collective place where the child will meet other children and other adults, which will promote his socialization. There is also a lot of work to be done around the child's individuality and uniqueness. To respect this uniqueness, the teams will observe the child, reflect and adapt through team meetings in order to compose a welcome adapted to each child. The teams will also adapt to the rhythm of each child through a mediating agent who is an educator.

Since the birth of lexicography, many repertoires have been published: vocabularies, treasures, lexicons or dictionaries. Within the latter, different types can be distinguished according to their purpose: monolingual dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries, illustrated dictionaries, doubt dictionaries, specialized dictionaries, synonym dictionaries, school dictionaries or, among others, historical dictionaries. In this book we review the latter, specifically those considered to be the most relevant and significant within this genre. In this review we will deal with the birth and development of repertoires such as the "Deutsches Wörterbuch" by the Grimm brothers, the "Oxford English Dictionary" by Murray or the "Diccionari català-valencià-balear" by Alcover and Moll, among others.

Food safety and food hygiene are not to be confused with food hygiene and food safety! These terms are misused in common language: although food security is an expression that refers to the safety of food supplies in quantity and quality. Whereas, food safety is the assurance that food does not harm the consumer when prepared and/or consumed in accordance with its intended use. Examples of means implemented for food safety: control of origins, control of composition, detection of sources of bacterial contamination, control of the chain of manufacture or processing and control of the cold chain. However, food hygiene (dietetics) is a medical term referring to the reasoned choice of food (rules of nutrition and dietetics) and food hygiene (Food Hygiene) as for it, refers to all the conditions and measures necessary to ensure the safety and wholesomeness of food at all stages of the food chain

The training of air traffic controllers goes through distinct stages, one theoretical and the other practical. Although closely linked and interdependent, they occur at different times. The practical phase is subdivided into two more stages, simulated practice and real practice. The real one takes place with the professional, still in training, already at his/her workstation with the monitoring of a practical instructor, responsible for monitoring and training the trainee. This instructor assumes great responsibility when dealing with professionals still in training during the operation. At this moment of training, he tries to identify possible learning problems and correct them along the teaching process, monitoring actions and constantly evaluating the apprentice to ensure the quality of the professional training minimizing risks to aviation. This book presents the proposition of a specific training for practical-operational instructors of air traffic controllers in line with international guidelines. The work also presents an analysis of the national and international panoramas on the subject, as well as the proposal of specific contents that should compose the training.

Thrombophilia is a state of hypercoagulability defined by biological abnormalities predisposing to thrombotic events. The aim of this study was to evaluate the demands of thrombophilia assessment and its biological profile during thrombotic events in young subjects. This is a retrospective study including 969 patients with venous thromboembolic disease and 211 cases with arterial thrombosis. PS and CP determination by chronometric method, TA determination by chromogenic method, detection of CPPa and CCA type LA by chronometric method, and detection of Factor V Leiden polymorphism by specific PCR-allele were performed. In venous thrombosis, hereditary thrombophilia was found in 208 cases with 184 isolated anomalies and 24 combined anomalies. LA-type ACC was found in 50 patients and mixed thrombophilia was noted in 14 cases. In arterial thrombosis, hereditary thrombophilia was found in 35 cases with 31 isolated anomalies and 4 combined anomalies. Our study reveals the importance of clinical information and complete and controlled investigations.

There are those who admit that the term "Congolese Tutsis" is an adaptation of the Rwandan refugees in the DRC, and others who admit that the Congolese nationality of the Tutsis is a legal question. Thus, through this study we have demonstrated the historical character of the nationality of the Tutsis, its sociological and legal character, and the competence of the Congolese state to attribute this nationality.The nationality of Congolese Tutsis has provoked the involvement of foreign countries (Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi), which continues to this day with the M23, and other Tutsi rebel groups supported by foreign countries.

By ratifying the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Democratic Republic of the Congo adhered to the principles set out in the Convention. As a result, the government has recognized that all girls and boys have rights. It has also demonstrated its commitment to putting in place the structures and mechanisms necessary for the effectiveness of these rights.This text thus introduced a new concept of law, the best interests of the child; it enshrined it, as the first official international text, a long legal evolution from object to subject of law.This book deals not only with the legal aspect of the protection of the child but also with other aspects that contribute to the safeguarding of the guiding principles of the said protection.In a word, this book is interdisciplinary.

Electricity is one of the most widely used energy sources in Mexican households. It is mainly used for air conditioning, refrigeration, lighting and various household appliances. Every two months, the electricity bill has a strong impact on our pocket.As it is intended to obtain the reduction of consumption, through the measurement of energy of the equipment installed in the study area, the indexes that allow to make an energy diagnosis and based on this determine both the current state of consumption with respect to the nominal load, as well as to determine possible sources of energy savings, determining the anomalies presented by the system, to formulate measures in the short, medium and long term.In general terms, the efficient use of electrical energy means obtaining better production results with fewer resources, which will translate into lower manufacturing costs, more products with less waste and lower energy consumption.