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This book is the restitution of a sum of experiences that we have lived, during almost two decades, during which we had a fruitful companionship with several community radios, in different countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The book proposes, quite simply, to share with the readers, the ups and downs of the journey of the community radio activist that we are. Thus, the book refuses to be a guide or a manual that gives precise directions or shows the marked out directions to take. It is difficult to indicate the path to follow in a field as complex as community radio, which addresses a diversity of targets living in environments with such different socio-cultural realities. Instead, we have chosen to relate events that we have experienced with community radios and to explain the happy or unhappy consequences that have resulted from them. Then we revealed the lessons we learned, expressed the ideas that these moments inspired and formulated the questions that they raised, before indicating some attempts at answers.

The advent of a multiparty system imposed on African presidents at the 16th France-Africa summit in La Baule from 19 to 21 June 1990 could not really bring about a positive change in the political system established in the Central African Republic from 1960 to 1990, which was based on a single party system with its corollaries, such as dictatorship, clanism, mismanagement, nepotism, business dealings and clientelism. President Ange Félix Patassé and the MLPC, after three years in power, showed their limitations by perpetuating the old system, which led to crises in the country and allowed General François Bozézé to succeed in his coup d'état on 15 March 2003.

Public Finance and Taxation" is intended for students of economics and management as well as for professionals interested in business affairs, especially in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The reasoning is presented in a literary manner.The originality of this book lies in the fact that the examples, certain data and explanations are drawn from the economic reality of the Democratic Republic of Congo. With a particular emphasis on the theoretical foundations of public finance and taxation, this manual provides a foundation for any learner and allows him or her to immerse themselves in the business climate in the DRC.

The use of a good security policy and the implementation of different protection mechanisms against different attacks have become, for a few years, essential solutions to network security. In this end-of-study project, we studied the case of the GEC'S firm's computer park and we adopted an architecture that meets its needs. A software of management of the park GLPI as well as various servers were installed namely the Web server LMAP, the file servers SAMBA and NFS, the FTP server and the DHCP server. This architecture is secured by the implementation of a firewall, a Proxy server and an SSH server.

Companies are constantly faced with the challenge of improving their performance in an increasingly unstable and risky environment. The current financial and economic crisis has become a confirmation of this evolution and is a real vector of awareness on the importance of good governance for the company. In such a context, managers feel the need to reassure shareholders as well as the company's stakeholders by including management control and internal audit in their governance policy. Management control operates in the same field as internal audit. Indeed, management control contributes to improving efficiency within the entity and to the achievement of objectives. While the internal auditor makes a judgment on the effectiveness of the management control to participate in its improvement...

This study identifies the determinants of aggressive behavior among video game-addicted adolescents in the Kuwait neighborhood of Yopougon. The analysis shows that the expression of aggressive behaviors in these adolescents depends on a set of environmental factors stimulated by the game. The aggressive behaviors expressed by adolescents addicted to video games occur under the influence of stress, anger, but also as a result of the pressure exerted by the social environment on the player. The study thus highlights the influence of the types of games, the values of the bets and the use of psychoactive substances on the expression of aggressive behavior. It also presents the diverted profile of aggressive behaviour. Furthermore, it refers to the examination and interpretation of both quantitative and qualitative observations that uncovered the underlying explanations and modes of interrelationship between, on the one hand, the demands of video game use and psychological experience and, on the other hand, these demands and the socio-cultural constraints in the Kuwait neighborhood.

Pedagogical conditions for the formation of a healthy lifestyle for preschool children. In the presented monograph a complex approach to the development of the model and pedagogical conditions promoting the implementation and improving the effectiveness of the formation of a healthy lifestyle of preschool children is clearly worked out. The significance of the study lies in the fact that its results contribute to the theory of preschool children education: expanded ideas about the content, focus, principles and methods of forming a healthy lifestyle for preschool children; identified and characterized the structural components of a healthy lifestyle: cognitive, emotional, motivational and behavioral and motor, identified the criteria and indicators; developed a model that includes four blocks (target, methodological, organizational-activity and outcome. The results of the study can also be used in family education in order to raise awareness of parents, their readiness to organize healthy lifestyle among their children and increase motivation for healthy lifestyle among pre-school children.

Terrorism has regained its vitality in the Lake Chad region, multiplying deadly incursions, suicide bombings, looting of property and hostage-taking. In this changing world, a massive, mutant, asymmetrical, hybrid and Islamized terrorism has gradually taken root: the radical Islamist threat, illustrated in particular by the Al-Qaeda nebula, the figurehead of jihadism, is now competing with recently created African groups such as Boko Haram. This transnational phenomenon, which is now at the heart of the socio-political life of the countries that make up the LCBC, is of concern in many ways. Thus, the establishment of the MMF, as an interregional coalition, is the best instrument for fighting hybrid warfare in this part of Africa.

Chronic liver diseases can progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Given their long silent progression, their diagnosis is still too late. New highly effective treatments are now available and others will become available very soon. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of chronic liver diseases by primary care physicians, as well as their current practice regarding the screening and management of these pathologies. The results of our study reveal an under-perception of chronic liver diseases by general practitioners. Indeed, they underestimate the prevalence and impact of these diseases and do not screen them optimally because they do not systematically target all populations at risk. Primary care physicians have expressed a willingness to be trained and to modify their practice, particularly through the use of simple blood tests for advanced fibrosis. This would allow earlier diagnosis of liver fibrosis and offer curative treatment of chronic liver disease before the advanced stages.

Managing School Human Resources Effectively in Cameroon will be a useful guide for those who want to strengthen their capacities in good school governance. This book which will serve for several years has a triple purpose. To know how to implement training activities for school leaders; To enable them to fully play their role in a context of educational decentralisation; To know how to put in place strategies for the professionalisation of school leaders. To this end, they must: appropriate texts on personnel management; know how to manage time effectively without being distracted from their essential tasks; know how to manage conflicts in the school environment; acquire the managerial qualities of a good head teacher; and be able to carry out actions aimed at professionalizing the function of school leaders.

An organization is a set of resources that combine to produce goods and services. One of these resources is human resources (HR), i.e. the men and women who are mobilized by the organization. Thus, in the activities reserved for Human Resources Management, certain functions occupy an important place in connection with Training Engineering and Employment Systems. Achieving the objectives assigned to the HR Manager therefore requires identifying and studying very specific areas of activity, such as recruitment, which has a significant impact on employment, service quality and company performance; evaluation, which, together with regulation, has a strong impact on quality; remuneration, which satisfies part of the motivation for employment; and training, which is an important lever for motivation, quality, organization and interest in the workplace In short, this HRM book aims to train managers to promote people as the main resource and driving force of the organization.

This course in Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) is intended for students in the second year of the Technological Science course in Mechanical Engineering (Semester 4). It will enable students to acquire the principles of presentation of parts in industrial drawing using software (Solidworks, Autocad, Catia, Inventor, etc...). The objective is to read technical drawings of assemblies and details and to make the student capable of adequately using the two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) functionalities of a CAD software on simple parts of general mechanics. It has been compiled from several sources: books, pre-existing handouts and other contributions freely available on the Internet which are mentioned in the bibliography at the end of this handout. It therefore has no claim to originality. I would like to point out that the examples (in the form of mechanical parts) have been made on CATIA V5R20 software, these parts have been chosen from industrial design books and their solutions (source files in Catpart, Catdrwing and Catproduct formats).

The law in its finality organizes life in society. Congolese democracy is characterized by the organization of elections at regular intervals, as is the case in all other democracies throughout the world. Thus, elections ensure the alternation of power, on the other hand they can be a considerable source of conflicts insofar as the situations generated by them, call into question the democratic project to which the people want to aspire. Thus, the object of the litigation is directly linked to a precise category of the electoral operations, whose contestations relate mainly to the electoral lists, the candidatures, the electoral campaign, the results of the poll and finally in connection with the request for cancellation of the poll. In addition, the irregularities of the previous electoral cycles should in principle lead both INEC and the legislator to improve, in order to guarantee a selective mode with the least irregularities for the third electoral cycle, the latter having marked the end of the constitutional mandate beyond the two-year term of honorary president KABILA KABANGE Joseph.

Scientific research in General and Comparative Literature has been enriched by a new comparative approach of Anglo-Saxon origin: ecocriticism. It is a reading grid focused on the ecological stakes of a given literary or media work. The present book entitled Literature, Cinema and Ecology : Ecocriticism in the light of some contemporary French media, which is the fruit of the reflection of the doctoral student Arthur Denos MONGA, is presented as a deciphering of the abundant French media production of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries centered on current issues such as climate change, sustainable development, the relationship between nature and culture, otherness, cosmic moralism, and ecofeminism. In this intermedia ecocritical analysis, two media were given special attention, namely Joseph Kessel's The Lion (1958) and Luc Jacquet's The Fox and the Child (2007). The author explained the methods and strategies mobilized by the novelist and the filmmaker to convey an environmentalist vision.

Nowadays, heritage is under increasing pressure to be used as a tourist resource, a fact related to the progressive increase of cultural tourism, sometimes bringing more negative than positive impacts if the tourist management of cultural heritage is not well planned and the social potential of the site chosen for this project is not taken into account. The research presented here analyzes the relationship between heritage and tourism circumscribed in the Batey framed by the Pepito Tey Popular Council (CP), in the periphery of the city of Cienfuegos. It is aimed at characterizing the endogenous social potential in said CP for the adequate tourist management of its cultural heritage, understood from the sociological perspective. The deepening of the issue implies unveiling both the strengths and the limitations that negatively affect the local development of the carrying community.

The role of bacteria including atypical germs in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Tunisia has been variously appreciated. This is a descriptive and analytical study including patients with a mean age of more than 68.3 years hospitalized for COPD. Of the 240 patients included, 175 sputum cultures (73%) were considered significant, 29 cultures were positive (16.5%) and 31 germs were isolated, the most frequent being P. aeruginosa (25.8%), K. pneumoniae (16.2%), H. influenzae (13%) and S. pneumoniae (9.7%). The prevalence of C. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae and C. burnetii infection was 8.4%, 9% and 6.6% respectively. No L. pneumophila infection was found. Anthonisen criteria were associated with a positive culture (p=0.04). In conclusion, the low positivity of quantitative sputum bacteriology and the high percentage of resistant strains with a predominance of exclusively multi-resistant pseudomonas may help in the management of patients with EABPCO. Key words. EABPCO, bacterial infection, atypical germs, bacterial resistance.

The present study has as its theme the importance of working with oral textual genres to expand the students' communicative competence, with an approach that respects the linguistic variation. In order to verify the importance of the theme, it was established as the main objective to develop and analyze a training for teachers of the early years of elementary school that could instrumentalize them to work with oral textual genres from a perspective of respect for the students' linguistic variation. From the training, a didactic sequence was built with the purpose of developing the students' communicative competence and also to deepen their knowledge regarding linguistic variation, making them realize that language is something flexible and unique to each subject.

This book is composed of two phases. The first phase deals with the generalities of landslides, their classifications and the different methods of landslide analysis. The second phase deals with a comparative study of landslides (Case of Parc Dounia Alger, ALGERIA), this comparison was made by two software (PLAXIS and GEOSLOP) with a different calculation basis. The first one is based on the finite element method with the technique of mechanical parameters reduction (c-phi reduction) until failure. The second is based on limit equilibrium methods.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is necessary today in Tunisia and in particular in the banking sector, as elsewhere, to face the ever fiercer competition; as well as the integration of social networks, at all levels of the marketing strategy. These two notions gathered in one, lead us to the concept of Social CRM. In this project, I have tried to talk about this new concept which allows to facilitate the customer relationship in different sectors such as the banking sector.

Africa's impressive economic performance in recent years has raised hopes that the continent will become a major player on the global economic stage. In Africa, food insecurity is a persistent challenge, yet agriculture remains the backbone and employs 80% of women, and even more in some sub-Saharan African countries. Women are the main agents of food security and household welfare in rural areas. Women work in many capacities: as unpaid family workers, independent producers, casual employees, entrepreneurs, traders and service providers, researchers and technology developers. Despite global and national forces that lower the market value of their products and drive up food prices, women are key players in production despite their limited access to land, credit and infrastructure. These women have initiated strategies for food production, processing, distribution, consumption and use.

"Tolerance is not a contemplative position dispensing indulgences to what was or what is. It is a dynamic attitude, anticipating, understanding and promoting what wants to be. The diversity of human cultures is behind us, around us and before us. The only demand we can make of it (creating for each individual the corresponding duties) is that it be generalised in forms each of which is a contribution to the greater generosity of others" Claude LEVIS-STRAUSS. In "Race and History".

This book is part of a historiographic movement on inter-Maghreb relations that has been underway for about ten years. In Maghrebian universities, seminars, colloquia and publications are multiplying and diversifying. This book traces in an analytical way certain aspects of the common history of Algeria and Morocco, in particular the evolution of the migration of Algerian Muslim and Jewish populations to Morocco during the Ottoman period (1517-1830) and the colonial period (1830-1962). It also tries to provide elements of explanation highlighting the importance of building a Maghreb Union taking into account the potential of this region. This Union remains undoubtedly a decisive factor to establish the free movement of people and goods through open land borders in a Maghreb without borders.

The main objective of this paper is to explore the opening of the reinsurance market in Brazil, its peculiarities and importance. In order to contribute to a better understanding of this process, we highlight the main technical foundations of reinsurance, the importance of its use for solvency and stabilization of results of insurance companies and the evolution of the opening of the market, as well as its current composition. The technical foundations of reinsurance were explained concisely in order to improve understanding for the application of the theory concerning the process of breaking the monopoly of the Brazilian reinsurance market.

In the agricultural context of the municipality of Morón there are several local enterprises that constitute innovations that typify the locality, however, the articulation of the agents of change in the agricultural context is insufficient, there is a lack of perception among the actors about local development and the awareness of the actors about the need to form innovative capacities in producers, academics, scientists and decision makers to continue at a more strengthened level is deficient, which is why the scientific problem of how to contribute to Food Sovereignty in the municipality of Morón was determined, The objective was to design a multi-stakeholder action plan based on the strengthening of the principles of SIAL to contribute to Food Sovereignty in the municipality of Morón. The application of various instruments and consultation with experts made it possible to identify the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities of the agricultural and innovation context, leading to the construction of their respective SWOT matrices, which show their influence on the innovation systems. A multi-stakeholder action plan was then drawn up.

In the framework of this work, we bring our reflection to the problem of designing a performance management tool for a supply chain through the concept of the dashboard. This contribution is materialized by a robust and hybrid methodology, combining all the elements necessary to establish a dashboard and a system of relevant performance indicators. Our methodology is broken down into four phases. The first phase consists of studying the field of study by determining the external environment and the information needed by the company to design a dashboard. The second phase consists of analyzing the supply chain and modeling it via processes. The third is to design dashboards by process using a structured approach that is broken down into four steps. This approach integrates the result of an empirical study by questionnaire that informs on the important performance indicators used in Moroccan industries. The last phase aims to develop a global dashboard of the supply chain.

The book covers the history of the Middle East from the creation of its Arab states to the present day. Beyond a history of events, it aims to show that the instability and violence that it continues to experience are as much due to the interference of great powers as to internal factors: failures and divisions of its authoritarian regimes, religious and ethnic heterogeneity of most countries in the region, the rise of radical Islamism. Since the attacks of September 11, 2001, no region has been the scene of so many crises and wars: American invasion of Iraq, chaos caused by NATO's military intervention in Libya, wars in Yemen and Syria involving regional and international powers, Israeli occupation and colonization of the West Bank, resurgence of antagonism between Sunnis and Shiites, emergence of terrorist organizations representing a threat extending beyond the region, influx of migrants into Europe, Iran's hegemonic ambitions, authoritarian drift in Turkey. In the context of a recomposition of alliances and the regional balance of power, the conclusion asks about its future, which does not encourage optimism.

The objective of this work is, on the one hand, to contribute, correct and complete Leleup and Heuts (1954), on the other hand, to encourage scientists and international institutions of biodiversity conservation to get involved in the safeguarding of this heritage, and to put at the disposal of the decision makers, a set of data in order to reach their affective level, as to - the threats that these natural reserves with defined purposes, with scientific, aesthetic, cultural and educational value, special reserves, these caves characterized by the presence of blind albino fish, species of endemic fish, Caecobarbus geertsii; and - the concern to have some of these caves inventoried on the list of world heritage properties. For, to do nothing would lead ineluctably, in the more or less long term, to the loss of these ecosystems of great universal value. This manual is structured in three parts: the first part presents the state of the caves, the second deals with cave biodiversity and the third proposes an outline of the Mbanza-Ngungu Cave Biosphere Reserve.

After having gathered and organized information on creativity, pleasure and addictions, we tried to understand the different possible interactions between artistic creativity on the one hand and substance use on the other hand. We have successively studied the possibility that substances develop creativity, that the profession of artist and artistic activities encourage the use of psychoactive substances and finally that both are part of the same process with common roots and functions. We then considered more specifically the possible therapeutic applications and in particular the interest of art-mediated therapies in patients suffering from addiction problems. Even if the studies presented lack scientific rigor, their results seem to go in the direction of a better knowledge, a better expression and a better self-esteem. It would seem relevant to develop new research and to encourage the concrete and valued development of this type of therapy in addiction care facilities.

Like other countries, Morocco has adopted new strategic approaches to sustainable development. It is a transition to a green economy that respects ecological balances and is likely to open up new opportunities for wealth creation and sustainable employment. With its strong political commitment to sustainable development, Morocco is resolutely moving towards the promotion of the green economy. A National Charter and framework laws on the environment and sustainable development have been adopted with the aim of placing all public policies within the framework of an NSSD. To succeed in the transition to a green economy, the environmental dimension must be integrated into the various existing economic sectors and a new industry must be created covering the green industrial sectors. It is also a historic opportunity to position Morocco in new industrial sectors, to strengthen its competitiveness by creating national champions for export in these technological fields and to contribute to the reduction of social and environmental externalities, particularly in certain disadvantaged regions.

A prospective and longitudinal study of 18 months (December 2012 to May 2014), which took place in the department of general surgery of the hospital of Segou on the management of 56 cases of obstetric urogenital fistulas with the objective: to study obstetric urogenital fistulas in the hospital of Segou. The age range of 21 to 30 years was the most represented (41.1%). 41% of the patients contracted the fistula before the age of 20. 64.3% of the patients had a height between 151-160 centimeters. The living environment was conjugal in 69.6% of cases. Fistulas less than one year old constituted 46.4% of the sample. 51.8% of the patients had not received prenatal consultations. 66.1% had a long labor of 24 to 72 hours. 80.4% of the patients delivered in a health facility, by caesarean section in 55.3% of the cases and resulted in stillbirth in 94.6% of the cases. The fistula was type I in 30.4% of the cases, located in a soft vagina in 85.7% of the cases. 62.5% of the patients were at their first surgical repair. The vaginal route was the most commonly used (71.4%). The fistulas were closed and dried in 62.5%.