Böcker utgivna av NY Research Press

Particle physics studies the fundamental constituents of matter and radiation and their interactions. Fundamental particles exhibit wave-particle duality and are represented using quantum state vectors in Hilbert space. All elementary particles and their interactions are understood using a quantum field theory, which is called the Standard Model. This model accounts for 61 particles, among which are 24 fermions, 8 gluons, the photon and W-, W+ and Z bosons. The Standard Model further describes the fundamental interactions of these particles, such as electromagnetic, strong and weak interactions. Particle physics has enriched human lives with the production of medical isotopes for use in external beam radiotherapy and PET imaging, development of touchscreen technology and the World Wide Web. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of particle physics. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This textbook is appropriate for particle physicists, high-energy physicists, phenomenologists, field theorists, students and other experts associated with this field.

Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds containing carbon in covalent bonding. The study of structure defines their chemical composition and formula. The study of properties involves physical and chemical properties and evaluation of reactivity. Physical properties of organic compounds include both quantitative and qualitative features. The study of organic reactions deals with the chemical synthesis of natural products, drugs and polymers. It also involves the study of individual organic molecules in the laboratory and through theoretical study. Hydrocarbons and carbon-based compounds are the primary areas of the study in this domain. It also includes other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and the halogens. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of organic chemistry and the recent researches in this field. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on organic chemistry have been included in this book. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Optics is a discipline of physics that deals with the study of behavior and properties of light. It examines the light's interactions with matter and also facilitates the construction of instruments that use and detect it. Optics explains the behavior of ultraviolet, visible and infrared light. It treats light as an electromagnetic wave and considers that other forms of electromagnetic radiations like microwaves, X-rays, and radio waves contain similar properties as light. Practical optics is practiced by using simplified models such as geometric optics that treats light as a collection of rays which travels in a straight line. These rays may bend when they pass through reflective surfaces. Another model of light is physical optics, which focuses on wave effects like diffraction and interference. Optical science is significant in many disciplines such as astronomy and various fields of engineering, medicine and photography. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of optics and the recent researches in this field. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Gas turbine is a type of continuous combustion, internal combustion engine. The main elements that are common to all gas turbine engines are an upstream rotating gas compressor, a combustor and a downstream turbine on the same shaft as the compressor. Some of the most common types of gas turbines are jet engines, turboprop engines, aeroderivative gas turbines and industrial gas turbines. Gas turbine engineering deals with the design, selection, maintenance and operation of gas turbines. It studies the underlying principles of gas turbine operations as well as the economic considerations and implications of operating these machines. The topics included in this book on gas turbine engineering are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The composite material is made up of the combination of two or more constituent materials that have distinct chemical and physical properties. When two different materials are combined they often produce a material that has different characteristics from either of the individual components. Each component remains separate within the finished structure. There are two categories of these constituent materials, matrix and reinforcement. The matrix material is used to support and surround the reinforcement materials by maintaining their relative positions. The reinforcements enhance the matrix properties by their special mechanical and physical properties. At least one portion of each constituent material should be added in the composition. Composite materials are lighter, stronger and less expensive than the traditionally used materials. They are often used in the construction of bridges, buildings, and other structures such as boat hulls and racing car bodies. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of composite materials. Most of the topics introduced in it cover new techniques and applications of such materials. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for ex

The smooth functioning of an industrial plant requires a number of corrective, preventive and predictive maintenance strategies. Such strategies involve operational and functional checks, repair and replacement of components, servicing, building infrastructure, etc. Preventive maintenance is performed with the intent of avoiding failures, production costs, losses and safety violations. Corrective maintenance is applied to malfunctioning equipment, and may involve processes such as welding, metal flame spraying, etc. Due to the advent of sensing and computing technology, predictive maintenance has become a possibility. It involves sensors to monitor key parameters of the system health and predict any breakdown before it happens. This textbook is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of industrial maintenance. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies in this field have been included in this book. It will serve as a reference to all professionals and students associated with this field.

An electronic circuit is a framework of electronic components like capacitors, resistors, transistors, diodes, etc. that are connected by wires through which an electric current can flow. It can be an analog circuit, a digital circuit or a mixed-signal circuit. Analog circuits are those in which current or voltage varies continuously with time. Some of the basic components of analog circuits are resistors, capacitors, inductors, wires, etc. Analog circuit analysis uses Kirchhoff's circuit laws. In digital circuits, electric signals have discrete values. Transistors are interconnected to create logic gates that provide the functions of Boolean logic. Mixed-signal circuits consist of elements of both analog and digital circuits. Examples are analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, etc. Network analysis refers to the process of determining the currents and voltages across every component in a network. Network analysis can be done using the methods of nodal analysis, mesh analysis, superposition and effective medium approximations. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of engineering circuit analysis. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques of circuit analysis and their applications in a comprehensive manner. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Chemistry is the study of the structure, behavior, properties and changes undergone by chemical compounds during a reaction with other compounds. It is focused on the creation of such compounds by understanding the interactions between atoms and molecules through chemical bonds. Chemistry is sub-divided into various branches such as materials chemistry, inorganic chemistry, nuclear chemistry, analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, theoretical chemistry, etc. The study of phases, energy, bonding, chemical reactions, equilibrium, ions and salts, and acidity and basicity are fundamental to the study of chemistry. This field facilitates the understanding of other basic and applied sciences such as botany, geology, astrophysics, forensics and pharmacology, besides many others. There has been rapid progress in this field and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of chemistry and how such concepts have practical applications. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Nuclear physics is a field of physics that is concerned with the study of atomic nuclei, their constituents and interactions. The structure and properties of the nucleus can be understood from the classical and quantum mechanical approaches of liquid-drop model and the nuclear shell model respectively. Current research in nuclear physics studies nuclei under extreme conditions, such as under high excitation energy and high spin. Nuclei with extreme neutron-to-proton ratios can be artificially created, by the processes of nucleon transfer reactions or induced fusion reactions. Some of the significant areas of study in nuclear physics are nuclear decay processes, nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Advances in nuclear physics have transformed the fields of medicine, warfare, energy, geology and archaeology. This book elucidates the advanced principles of nuclear physics and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into the field of nuclear physics.

Algebra is an area of mathematics that studies mathematical symbols and their rules of manipulation. It is instrumental in equation solving and in the study of abstractions like rings, groups and fields. Algebraic structures can be modified using the operations of addition, multiplication, subtraction, etc. and characterized by associativity, commutativity and finite dimension, among others. Some common algebraic structures are groups, lattices, vector spaces, modules, etc. Hybrid structures are also under the scope of algebra such as lie group, topological group, Archimedean group, ordered groups, rings and fields, etc. The areas of study in algebra can be divided into linear and multilinear algebra, associative and nonassociative rings and algebras, general algebraic systems, group theory, field theory and polynomials, besides many others. This book presents the complex subject of algebra in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around algebra. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

Optical communication is the process of using light as a medium of communication. The communication can be achieved by employing visual techniques or by using an electronic device. An optical communication system comprises of a transmitter, a channel and a receiver. The transmitter encodes a message into an optical signal, which is then carried through a channel and received by a receiver. The most commonly used channel for such communication is optical fiber. It commonly transmits infrared light through either laser diodes or light-emitting diodes. This book traces the progress of optical communication technology and highlights some of its key aspects and applications. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The study of inorganic compounds is within the domain of inorganic chemistry. Some of the branches of study in inorganic chemistry are descriptive inorganic chemistry, theoretical inorganic chemistry, thermodynamics and inorganic chemistry, mechanistic inorganic chemistry and synthetic inorganic chemistry. Each of these branches focuses on different aspects of the study of inorganic compounds. Descriptive inorganic chemistry deals with the classification of compounds based on their properties. Theoretical inorganic chemistry involves various semi-quantitative and semi-empirical approaches such as molecular orbital theory, ligand field theory and approximate methodologies like density functional theory. This book presents the complex subject of inorganic chemistry in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this field. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The quantitative measurement of biotics and xenobiotics in biological systems falls under the discipline of bioanalytical chemistry. This is important for the purposes of pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence, exposure-response and toxicokinetics. It is also crucial for forensic investigations, anti-doping testing and for the analysis of drugs with an influence on the environment. Some of the techniques used in bioanalytical studies are chromatographic methods, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, electrophoresis, etc. The topics included in this book on bioanalytical chemistry are of the utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to bioanalysis. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Radio technology refers to the technology that is concerned with the use of radio waves to carry information. Radio systems operate by using a combination of a transmitter, an antenna and a receiver. Such systems work within the frequency range between 3 kHz and 300 GHz. The transmitter modulates some aspect of the energy such as frequency, amplitude or phase to impress a signal on it. The purpose of the antenna is the conversion of electric currents into radio waves, and vice versa. The electromagnetic energy generated propagates in space, and is subject to reflection, refraction or diffraction. It is intercepted by a receiving antenna and then demodulated at the receiver. The ever-growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in this field in recent times. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of radio technology and how such concepts have practical applications. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Inorganic chemistry is that branch of chemistry that studies the properties and synthesis of inorganic and organometallic compounds. Such compounds can be classed into several groups based on their properties such as coordination compounds, transition metal compounds, organometallic compounds, bioinorganic compounds, etc. Some of the technological tools generally applied in inorganic chemistry are X-ray crystallography, electrochemistry, dual polarization interferometry and spectroscopy. The study of inorganic chemistry is of relevance in material science, coating, medicine, agriculture, the chemical industry, etc. This book elucidates new techniques and applications of inorganic chemistry in a multidisciplinary manner. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied aspects of reactions, structures and mechanisms that fall under this discipline. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of inorganic chemistry, as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Aerospace refers to the human endeavor to fly in space or the earth's atmosphere using science and engineering. Aerospace technology covers the design and operation of aircraft and spacecrafts. Aerospace can be further divided into the two main categories- aeronautics and astronautics. The study of aerospace technology falls under the domain of aerospace engineering. Functional safety is a crucial aspect of aerospace. Some of the crucial areas of study in this field are radar cross-section, fluid mechanics, astrodynamics, propulsion, aeroacoustics, etc. The ever-growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of aerospace technology in recent times. This book is a compilation of topics that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in this field. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under this discipline and how such concepts have practical applications. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Algebra is a fundamental part of mathematics. It deals with the manipulation of mathematical symbols using specific rules. It is divided into the two branches of elementary algebra and abstract algebra. Elementary algebra is the basic form of algebra that deals with the arithmetic operations involving variables. Abstract algebra uses algebraic structures such as groups, rings and fields. Algebra is widely applied in the fields of science, engineering, medicine and economics. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of algebra. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, this book will help the readers to better understand the concepts of algebra.

The science of polymers studies the properties, synthesis, design and characterization of synthetic polymers for the production of commercial products. The principal sub-disciplines of polymer physics, polymer chemistry and polymer characterization are concerned with the different aspects of the study of polymers. Synthetic polymers are divided into the two main groups- plastics and elastomers. Plastics refer to all malleable polymers and elastomers are polymers with viscoelasticity. Some examples of polymers are rubber, teflon, nylon, kevlar, etc. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of polymer science and engineering which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Spectroscopy studies the interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation. This is achieved by measuring radiation as a function of wavelength or frequency. Interactions of radiating energy with atoms, molecules and nuclei have led to the development of atomic, molecular and NMR spectroscopy. Other spectroscopic methods like auger spectroscopy, hadron spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, spin noise spectroscopy, etc. are distinguished by their specific applications. Some of the practical applications of spectroscopy are measurement of different compounds in food, cure monitoring, toxic compounds measurement in blood samples, etc. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of spectroscopy. It also traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Chemistry is the scientific study of compounds, their composition, structure, properties and reactions. Compounds are chemical substances formed by chemical bonds between two or more identical molecules. It also studies the bonding responsible for the formation of these compounds. The factors of energy and entropy are important in the study of chemical processes. Chemical substances are classified on the basis of their structure, phase and composition. They can be analyzed using the tools of spectroscopy and chromatography. Chemistry is divided into a number of significant sub-disciplines such as analytical chemistry, biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, etc. There has been rapid progress in this field and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries such as extraction of metals from ores, fermentation of beer and wine, manufacture of glass and alloys, etc. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of chemistry. The data presented herein also explores some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of this discipline. This book will serve as a reference to chemical engineers, researchers, experts and students.

A power system combines the diverse aspects of generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy to supply energy for a variety of household and industrial applications. The study of power systems is an inter-disciplinary subject that integrates electrical and electronic engineering for the design and operation of grids and other power systems. One of the major difficulties in power systems is in maintaining the frequency value. Even minor fluctuations in the frequency can damage appliances and synchronous machines. Power systems have one or more sources of power, such as batteries, fuel cells or photovoltaic cells. Some of the components of power systems are conductors, capacitors, reactors, etc. Protective devices such as circuit breakers and protective relays are also crucial to power systems. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of power systems and how such concepts have practical applications. The various advancements in the field are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked in detail. Power systems engineers, students and researchers will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Industrial systems engineering is a specialized branch of engineering, which is concerned with the optimization of complex processes, systems and organizations to achieve an effective utilization of time, human resources and material resources. The various fields of study inherent to this discipline are manufacture engineering, engineering management, process engineering, systems engineering, software engineering, etc. Modern industrial systems engineering uses computer simulation and mathematical optimization for the in-depth study of organizational and industrial systems as well as for systems analysis, evaluation and optimization. Besides these, the tools of data science and machine learning are also of importance in the study of systems. The applications of this field are diverse. It is used in flow process charting, strategizing for operational logistics, developing a new algorithm in a financial process, supply chain management, etc. This book elucidates the key aspects of the field of industrial and systems engineering and presents the technological advances in a comprehensive way. It unfolds the innovative aspects of industrial engineering which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It strives to be a complete reference guide for students and experts working in this domain.

Materials are crucial to the development of new technology and sustenance of production processes in any industry. The field of materials science is an interdisciplinary science that integrates the concepts and principles of physics, chemistry and engineering. It strives to understand the structural aspects as well as the physical and chemical properties of materials. The study also extends into the domain of innovating and designing new materials like nanomaterials, biomaterials or energy materials for use across a variety of engineering and industrial applications. Materials have wide applications in ceramics, medicine, processing methods and analytic methods, among many others. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of materials science as well as on the studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is appropriate for students, engineers, physicists and industrial professionals seeking detailed information to broaden their knowledge in this domain.

Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering that is aimed at optimizing a complex set of processes, systems and organizations by eliminating waste in terms of human work hours, time and energy. It strives to improve quality and productivity. Some of the areas of application of the principles of this field are in flow process charting, process mapping, strategizing for operational logistics, developing algorithms, streamlining operations, etc. This field has evolved to include motion time system, computer simulation, mathematical optimization, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of industrial engineering. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of its design, simulation and optimization. With valuable contributions from experts working in this area of study, this book targets students and professionals alike.

Electrical engineering is a branch of engineering concerned with the study of electromagnetism, electronics and electricity, and their applications. It applies the theories and principles of physics and mathematics to understand electrical devices. Various sub-fields of this discipline are power engineering, telecommunications, signal processing, instrumentation, etc. A comprehensive knowledge of electrical engineering is of significance in the design, development and operation of electrical systems, like telecommunication systems, electric power stations, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the area of electrical engineering. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. For all readers who are interested in electrical engineering, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Nuclear reactor physics is concerned with the study of chain reactions in nuclear reactors and their application for producing energy in a controlled fission reaction. The initiation and control of a self-sustained nuclear chain reaction occurs in a nuclear reactor. The key components in a nuclear power plant can be grouped under the classes of reactor assembly, steam generation, power generation, fuel handling, safety systems and controls. The reactor assembly consists of nuclear fuel, moderator, neutron source, reactor core, coolant and control rods, besides others. Boiler feedwater pump and steam generators are the components in steam generation. Nuclear reactors are classified according to the type of nuclear reactions they undergo, the moderator and coolants used, etc. Nuclear reactors are used for electricity generation and for the propulsion of ships. Heat generated due to nuclear fission is transferred to water or gas, which then drives steam turbines for varied applications. This book outlines the processes and applications of nuclear reactors in detail. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of nuclear reactor physics. This book is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on nuclear reactor physics.

Quantum mechanics is a field in physics that studies atomic and subatomic particles. A principal characteristic of this science is the quantization of the physical quantities of energy, angular momentum and momentum. The objects under study in quantum mechanics exhibit wave particle duality and there exists a fundamental limit to the precision in the determination of physical quantities. The study of quantum entanglement is an important and upcoming area in this field. The applications of quantum mechanics vary from electronics and cryptography to quantum computing. This book presents the complex subject of quantum mechanics in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It unfolds the innovative aspects of quantum physics which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this textbook an invaluable source of knowledge.

Quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical approach to the study of subatomic particles and quasiparticles integrating classical field theory, quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity. In QFT, particles are treated as excited states or quanta of their fields. Interactions between these particles are described by the interaction terms in the corresponding Lagrangian and through the Feynman diagrams. The concepts of path integral formulation, canonical quantization, renormalization, gauge theory, supersymmetry, etc. are integral to the development of quantum field theory. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of quantum field theory. It unfolds the innovative aspects of this discipline, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students as well as experts.

Statistics is a branch of mathematics, which deals with the collection, analysis, presentation and organization of data. It can involve the design of surveys and experiments for the collection of data. Statistical methods, such as descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are of importance in data analysis. Descriptive statistics summarizes sample data using indexes like mean or standard deviation. Inferential statistics draws conclusions from data that are prone to random variations. Some statistical tests and procedures include the analysis of variance, chi-squared test, correlation, factor analysis, regression analysis, etc. Statistics is applied in the fields of machine learning, data mining, statistical computing, etc. This textbook is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of statistics. It studies, analyzes and uphold the pillars of this discipline and its utmost significance in modern times. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in the field of statistics.

Digital electronics is the branch of physics that deals with electronic circuits that use digital signals. In digital circuits, signals can be transmitted without degradation. A digital circuit is constructed using logic gates that are created from electrically controlled switches such as transistors. An integrated circuit consists of multiple transistors on a single silicon chip, and designed using electronic design automation software. Digital circuit complexity can be minimized using algorithms such as Espresso heuristic logic minimizer. Algorithms for the optimization of large logic systems employ binary decision diagrams or algebraic manipulations. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of digital electronics. The various aspects of digital electronics along with technological progress that have future implications have also been glanced at. In this book, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of digital electronics as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.