Böcker utgivna av Nova Science Publishers Inc

A security clearance is a determination that an individualwhether a direct federal employee or a private contractor performing work for the governmentis eligible for access to classified national security information. A high-quality personnel security clearance process is necessary to minimize the risks of unauthorized disclosures of classified information and to help ensure that security-relevant information is identified and assessed. Chapter 1 provides a primer on some of the fundamental aspects of the security clearance process, using a Frequently Asked Questions format. Chapter 2 assesses the extent to which (1) ODNI has implemented an executive branch-wide program and developed plans to monitor and measure its performance; (2) DOD and other agencies have designed, piloted, and evaluated continuous evaluation and (3) agencies completed timely periodic reinvestigations from fiscal years 2012-2016, and the potential effects of continuous evaluation on reinvestigations. Chapter 3 focuses on the extent to which executive branch agencies (1) made progress reforming the security clearance process, and (2) are meeting timeliness objectives and reducing NBIBs investigative backlog. Chapter 4 discusses our governments security clearance process and potential areas of reform.

The object of this volume is to lay open to the public the most extensive and extraordinary system of crime which the world ever witnessed. It is a system which has been in full operation for more than three hundred years, and continues yet in unabating activity of evil. The apathy which has hitherto existed in England upon this subject has proceeded in a great measure from want of knowledge. National injustice towards particular tribes, or particular individuals, has excited the most lively feeling, and the most energetic exertions for its redress,but the whole wide field of unchristian operations in which this country, more than any other, is engaged, has never yet been laid in a clear and comprehensive view before the public mind. It is no part of the present volume to suggest particular plans of remedy. The first business is to make known the nature and the extent of the evil,that once perceived, in this great country there will not want either heads to plan or hands to accomplish all that is due to the rights of others, or the honour and interest of England.

A tax credit is a tax incentive which allows certain taxpayers to subtract the amount of the credit from the total taxes they owe. This book explores some of the different tax credits that are currently available including credits for child and dependent care, adoption benefits, energy and housing credits, and income and work credits. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the child tax credit under current law, including temporary changes made by the 2017 tax revision There are two tax provisions that subsidize the child and dependent care expenses of working parents: the child and dependent care tax credit (CDCTC) and the exclusion for employer-sponsored child and dependent care. Chapter 2 provides a general overview of these two tax benefits, focusing on eligibility requirements and benefit calculation. Chapter 3 first briefly summarizes key components of the CDCTC, including reviewing eligibility requirements and how the credit is calculated. It then provides estimates of selected characteristics of familiessuch as income, number of children, marital status, and child care expensesthat claim the credit and, where appropriate, contrasts them with families that do not claim the credit. Chapter 4 focuses on federal adoption tax benefits, which consist of an adoption tax credit and an income tax exclusion for employer-provided adoption assistance. Chapter 5 explores one policy option for promoting residential energy efficiency: tax credits. It begins by providing an overview of the current residential energy-efficiency tax credits. It then goes on to provide an economic rationale for residential energy-efficiency tax incentives, introducing the concept of market failures and market barriers which may lead to suboptimal or economically inefficient investment in energy-efficiency technologies. Chapter 6 provides a brief overview of the renewable electricity PTC. The first section describes the credit. The second section provides a legislative history. The third section presents data on PTC claims and discusses the revenue consequences of the credit. The fourth section briefly considers some of the economic and policy considerations related to the credit. The chapter concludes by briefly noting policy options related to the PTC. The low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC) program is one of the federal governments primary policy tools for encouraging the development and rehabilitation of affordable rental housing. As discussed in chapter 7, these nonrefundable federal housing tax credits are awarded to developers of qualified rental projects via a competitive application process administered by state housing finance authorities. Chapter 8 provides both an in-depth description of The American Opportunity Tax Credit (AOTC) and an analysis of its economic impact. This chapter is organized to first provide an overview of the AOTC, followed by a legislative history that highlights the evolution of education tax credits from proposals in the 1960s through the recent permanent extension of the AOTC at the end of 2015. This chapter then analyzes the credit by looking at who claims the credit, the effect education tax credits have on increasing attendance at higher education institutions, and administrative issues with the AOTC. Finally, this chapter concludes with a brief overview of various policy options. Chapter 9 provides a general overview of the earned income tax credit (EITC). The chapter then summarizes the key legislative changes to the credit and provides analysis of some of the congressional intentions behind these changes. Chapter 10 looks at the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC). The WOTC is a provision of the Internal Revenue Code that allows employers that hire individuals with certain personal characteristics, including veterans, recipients of certain public benefits, or other specified populations, to claim a tax credit equal to a portion of the wages paid to those individuals.