In the past, fossil fuels have been considered a reliable source of energy by many countries. Despite the current measures to reduce the use of fossil fuels for electricity generation, the use of this type of energy source will continue for the foreseeable future. Advances in Energy Research. Volume 31 examines how, if this situation does not change in the future, then all types of fossil fuels, particularly oil, will be exhausted before the end of the current century. The use of microholes may potentially enhance the applications of fossil fuels in various energy fields, especially in thermal power plants. Therefore, the morphology variation of micropunch and microhole during the punching with WC/Co micropunches is investigated in this compilation through scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer and confocal laser studies. Following this, the authors provide a review on experimental and modeling studies performed with direct fuel cells, starting with the fundamentals and main drawbacks of these systems, followed by an exhaustive review on the different studies performed regarding the effects of operating conditions and design parameters. In the penultimate chapter, a new method for determining the cohesion potential energy in solids is described, and fundamental factors such as internal energy, entropy, temperature and time are examined, in particular the connection of entropy and time to potential energy. The method concerns molecular solids and rests upon measurable thermodynamic quantities: heat of sublimation, heat capacity, and entropy as derived from the latter. The closing chapter provides an overview of three methods (retarded osmosis method, forward osmosis-electrokinetic method, and diffusio-osmotic method) for sustainable power generation from the salinity gradient energy by using osmosis-based processes.
This book first proposes a noninvasive screening method for diabetes based on the thermoregulation of the peroneal vessel. Since diabetes affects the proneal vessel of the patients significantly, the thermoregulatory behaviour of peroneal vessel is studied for induced hot and cold stress in this work. Next, the authors highlight recent findings in the area of human mesenchymal stem cells sources, their differentiation ability, immunogenicity, adaptation to the microenvironment, as well as use in human clinical trials. The authors also propose that, given the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistant pathogens and the failure of antibiotic-exclusive therapeutics in the treatment of diabetic foot infections, combinations of antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics may be a potential treatment alternative. Advanced diabetic foot ulcer therapies are explored based on current research. Recent studies show that diabetic patients have a 25% risk of developing diabetic foot ulcers in their lifetime. Lastly, a study was carried out to investigate the effects of social support on the reduction of wound size after four weeks of treatment with standard care in patients with Grade B, Stage I diabetic foot ulcer.
It has long seemed very desirable that a brief, comprehensive, and readable narrative of the origin of Christianity, and of its struggles and triumphs, should be prepared and adapted to the masses of the people. This narrative consists of the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth; the adventures of Paul and the apostles; and the most interesting events in the progress of Christianity from the earliest period to the present time.
Parkinson''s disease is the second most prevalent aging-related neurodegenerative disorder. Cell death in the substantia nigra, a motor region of the nervous system, is the key factor for the emergence of motor deficits in patients, although its critical role in Parkinson''s disease pathogenesis is put into question. This book explores how halogenation stress could participate in neuronal damage of the nervous system and parkinsonian deficits. Following this, new insights into the C-F bonding nature of graphite fluorides with different fluorine concentrations C4F, C2F and C1F are presented. They are based on recent data from bulk techniques, which are very sensitive to the atomic local and electronic structure and C hybridisation such as X-ray Raman Scattering and Pair Distribution Function analysis. Lastly, a novel bromine-containing Still -- Gennari-type phosphonate reagent, methyl 2-(bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphoryl)-2-bromoacetate is designed, synthesised, and applied to the stereoselective construction of trisubstituted alkenes via bromomethylenation of carbonyl groups.
The first chapter describes the next generation device Stacked Nanosheet, which has the potential to replace the three-dimensional transistor architecture, FinFET. The authors also present the recent progress in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. Recent biomimetic research examined in the next chapter may enable for a better understanding of biofiltration as well as potential technological applications via experimentation with novel materials, including 3D printed filters simulating natural systems. The possibility of using methane as an alternative and promising reducing agent in various metallurgical and chemical processes is discussed. Additionally, the electrochemical performances of transition-metal-disulfide-based electrodes fabricated from different configurations, including binary and ternary composites, is discussed. Following this, this compilation discusses the assumptions of the physics of transport in nano-scale wire Si pn-junction diodes with the aid of device simulations. An advanced theoretical model to predict current-voltage characteristics of nano-scale wire Si pn-junction diodes is proposed. The authors introduce several voltage contrast studies that have been done so far, introducing an experiment on active voltage contrast imaging of the cross-sectional surface of multilayer ceramic capacitors using helium ion microscopy. Next, the authors present a new two-stage method for the qualitative and quantitative detection method of hydrophobing injection media used as a subsequent masonry seal against rising damp. The aim of the final chapter is to review four classes of integer asymmetric codes and to illustrate their potential for use in modern short-range optical networks.
Irrigation of pear, raspberry and blueberry is less studied relative to apple and peach, for example. Various researchers have tried different techniques to reduce vegetative growth, but regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial rootzone drying (PRD) are the most favourable and cost-effective techniques, maintaining and, in some cases, increasing yields because allocation of photosynthetic carbohydrates to fruits is favoured compared to vegetative growth. Good knowledge of phenological stages susceptible to water stress is a prerequisite for the successful application of RDI and PRD as various factors effect separately or together the application of RDI and PRD. It should be emphasised that plants grown in open fields are highly dependent to climatic factors, and this is demonstrated by the fact that the same researchers have gathered drastically different results in various environments. RDI is applied in countries in arid climates as it saves water more than in humid or temperate climates. Different cultivars and rootstocks have different response to RDI and PRD. Thus, the application time depends very much from the genotype, because application at early age of the tree may have negative consequences. Under the climatic conditions of Kosovo, which fluctuate year after year, application of regulated deficit irrigation may start at the end of May or beginning of June. While for early cultivars, may apply even after harvest. As in raspberries we have two types of cultivars, floricane and primocane. Therefore, cultivar also plays a crucial role in deficit irrigation. Under the conditions of our country, PRD application for floricane varieties may also be delayed because there is sufficient rainfall in spring, while for primocane varieties by the end of May - beginning of June, but the monitoring of raspberry orchards still indicates the right moment to begin. The correct application of RDI on pear increases flowering, number of fruits (reduces fruit size), yield and reduces vegetative growth including canopy size. The use of deficit irrigation in combination with mulching is a new technology and our preliminary results on pear have shown that it reduces canopy volume and trunk diameter, which is considered very positive, beside the positive advantages of mulching. RDI and PRD technique is being improved and adapted to different environmental conditions.
The volume examines macroeconomic policies for developing countries. The chapters analyse the kind of macroeconomic policies that are more conducive to inclusive and sustainable growth in developing countries. They also investigate whether particular fiscal, monetary, and exchange-rate policies have similar effects in developed and developing countries or whether these effects are country specific. The volume demonstrates that while there are no one-size-fits-all policy prescriptions, some general principles can be drawn from the experiences of successful countries. The volume is a useful addition to the scant literature dealing with macroeconomic policies for inclusive and sustainable development, and policymakers will find it useful in designing policies for achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). The volume will also be useful for higher degree research students, especially in the area of inclusive and sustainable development.
The Sultanate of Oman is known for its internal peace, tranquility and political harmony. The country has long been a success story of growth and development in the region. The past few decades of development have not only brought about developmental transformation but have also improved the governance, standards of living and prosperity of its population. However, the recent economic globalization and technological changes have posed a number of challenges for the depleting resources of the Sultanate of Oman. Policy makers are compelled to confront these challenges by adapting the traditional development paths and striving to diversify the economy in an attempt to wean the country from its dependence on natural resources. The earlier development trajectory of the country was based on state-led development models with an important role being envisaged for the public sector. However, the diversification strategies that have been adopted recently are based on the proactive role of the private sector. These include creating an enabling business environment, attracting direct foreign investment and increasing the investment on human capital. The development vision is largely focused on strengthening the tourism, logistics and infrastructure sectors to create job opportunities for the fast growing young and educated population. The development of human capital is also a key challenge which needs to be addressed to reduce knowledge and educational deficits; the country''s labour market imbalances in terms of mismatch of skills needs to be corrected through the policies of Omanization of its national work force. The country is facing new set of regional peace and security challenges in changing regional political dynamics. This book contains original research contributions which largely address these issues and challenges in recent times. The researchers have traced the development and diversification paths in Oman''s historical context including the investigation of trade patterns, energy and water consumption uses and the socio-economic impact of trade with the rest of the world. Key issues of Omani culture and identity, peace and security that are linked to the preservation of the Omani national heritage and language identity are also explored. The book has explored the developmental trajectories in recent decades with its limitations and has provided in detail the answers to the use of scarce resources such as oil, gas, water and energy resources, their consumption patterns, as well as the impact of climate change in these changing and uncertain economic times. The book has also addressed the Arabic language issue and the Omani and other dialects which are very important to the Omani identity. The book debates the factors that have contributed to the growth as well as threatened the very survival of Omani dialects. The book has further investigated the significant performance challenges to Omani SMEs. The challenges of development and diversification and the barriers to diversification efforts, the composition and direction of trade flows, peace and security and the trading patterns of Oman and its attendant complexities are also discussed. The book is an original narration of the developmental and transformational journey Oman has taken to maintain inclusive development, diversification and high standards of living in this unpredictable economic climate.
In May 1945 Trieste was the last battleground of WWII and the first of the Cold War. Some of the most terrifying episodes of that battle are linked to the Karst landscape of the region which is studded with foibe, deep cone-shaped pits excavated by water erosion. During Yugoslav partisan rule in the area, thousands of Italians were thrown inside the pits: some were killed beforehand, others were dumped alive and left to die slowly. Marshal Tito challenged these events and Left-wing sympathisers still do to this day, sparking intense debate over the truth. Were the atrocities simply revenge for the 1941 Fascist invasion of Yugoslavia? By drawing on Anglo-American documents, A Blood Border leads the reader through the process by which the foibe killings became possible and tells the story of a modern territorial contest: two nations, one land. This powerful study is a nuanced and detailed account of Mussolini''s and Tito''s manoeuvres to redraw borders in blood. The result is a vivid and often disturbing account, in which Luisa Morettin convincingly portrays a border region in a moment of historical transformation.
The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support small businesses, including loan guaranty and venture capital programs to enhance small business access to capital; contracting programs to increase small business opportunities in federal contracting; direct loan programs for businesses, homeowners, and renters to assist their recovery from natural disasters; and small business management and technical assistance training programs to assist business formation and expansion. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the SBA''s programs. Chapter 2 analyzes SBA''s prior and revised scorecard methodology and results. Chapter 3 describes the Small Business Investment Company (SBI)C program''s structure and operations, focusing on SBIC eligibility requirements, investment activity, and program statistics. Chapter 4 addresses a core issue facing the 116th Congress: What, if any, additional action should the federal government take to enhance small business access to capital? It discusses the role of small business in job creation and retention, then provides an assessment of the supply and demand for small business loans and recently enacted laws designed to enhance small business access to capital by increasing either the supply of small business loans or the demand for small business loans, or both. Chapter 5 examines the historical development of federal disaster assistance to help explain possible reasons why businesses are currently provided disaster loans rather than grants. Chapter 6 provides a historical examination of the SBA''s size standards and assesses competing views concerning how to define a small business.
Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) provides benefits to nonelderly workers and their eligible dependents if the worker paid Social Security taxes for a certain number of years and is unable to perform substantial work due to a qualifying impairment. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the DI trust fund and its current financial outlook. Chapter 2 discusses the rules and processes used to determine eligibility for SSDI and SSI. It also explains how benefit amounts are computed, the types of non-cash benefits available to individuals who meet SSA''s disability standards, and how each program is financed. Chapter 3 analyzes the relative importance of factors affecting SSDI benefit receipts and terminations over the past 30 years. Chapter 4 examines what is known about how coverage and key features of SSDI and PDI compare, and the potential implications of three distinct proposals to expand employer-sponsored PDI on the Disability Insurance Trust Fund and various stakeholders. Chapter 5 examines trends in SSA''s transfers and processing times of appealed cases over the past decade, SSA''s monitoring of efforts to meet processing time goals through case transfers, and any challenges SSA faces in transferring cases between offices. Chapter 6 is the statement of Elizabeth Curda on SSA disabilty programs.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of different dimensions that influence university students, such as social factors (including the indigenous perspectives, social identity and mental health, depressive symptoms in university, the helicopter parenting, the change in family relations and adoptions of healthy/unhealthy behaviours while in college); individual aspects that influence this population (like personal autonomy or entrepreneurial intent) and major problems faced by students (like alcohol consumption or the challenge of writing a thesis). This book is a must read for college administrators, teachers and researchers as tips, best practices, and lessons learned are applicable to any academic department seeking to improve learning environment of their students. The contributors to this book are associated with colleges and universities from nine different countries, from four continents. The authors have a broad range of educational and professional experience and offer unique insights into the wide variety of methods utilised to design and provide new understandings regarding college students.
This book contains a collection of letters between John and Abigail Adams. The letters not only reveal the depth of their relationship but also detail the sacrifices, the deprivations, and the emotions of war and separation in a personal, unguarded way. The balance of the masculine and feminine perspectives makes this book particularly interesting and unique.
The Earths Beginning are lectures which were delivered in the Royal Institution of Great Britain. It considers the majestic subject of the evolution of the solar system of which our earth forms a part. The nebular theory discloses the beginning of this earth itself. It shows how the foundations of this solid earth have been laid, and how it is that we have land to tread on and air to breathe. But the subject has a scope far wider than merely in its relation to our earth.
This book makes no attempt to fill the place either of a critical study or a definitive biography. The author found it impossible to draw a real portrait of the man without attempting some interpretation of his books and the quotation from them of characteristic passages, for they are the record of his personal attitude towards the problems most intimately affecting his life. Whitman was a man of special and exceptional character.
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