The parent-child relationship has been extensively researched over a long period of time. In this relationship, a perspective is explored of the behaviour of the parent and how this affects the development of the child. Added to this relationship are the effects of the environment on the relationship between the parent and the child. The well-adjusted, independent, social adult is often an indication that the parent-child relationship provided the grounding and the origins for how the adult interacts with life and others. Due to the complexities of journeying through establishing and solidifying the parent-child relationship from the stage of pregnancy, through early childhood development, to school-going age, adolescence and adulthood, understanding this relationship and the effects on the health and wellbeing of the child, has been ongoing. In this book the intention is to present various perspectives and insights into specific approaches to parenting in various environments and contexts. These contexts provide the cultural support to explore the phenomenon of parenting styles and practices providing insights from South Africa, Japan, China, the USA, Argentina, Portugal, Israel, Spain and Canada. A Closer Look at Parenting Styles and Practices zones into exploring and understanding the parent-child relationship globally.
Terms such as shyness, logophobia and mutism overlap, and boundaries between them are unfixed and blurred. Until now they have, for the most part, been described separately; in our book, we point out the relationship among them. There are many individuals who are shy, and some of them experience communication anxiety, which is present with individuals diagnosed with mutism. It is easier to understand mutism when shyness and logophobia have been explained first. Such an approach has influenced the structure of our monograph. We begin this treatise with the definition of shyness and an attempt to distinguish it from similar phenomena, which is not an easy task. The task resembles forcing one''s way through a densely tangled underbrush of terminology. We focus on the development of shyness, especially in children, and on the social and communicative functioning of shy individuals. We also wonder if, and to what extent, shyness can constitute a criterion for diagnosis of mental disorders. In our monograph, we recall the old definition of logophobia because of its relevance and high usability. We describe it in the context of similar emotions, such as social anxiety, communication anxiety and stage fright and make an attempt to systematize these definitions. We also present our own concept of logophobia being an important element of voice and speech disorders (aphasia, psychogenic aphonia, stuttering). The fundamental part of our monograph concerns mutism. We start from an analysis of the nature and role of its basic symptom, which is muteness. We draw on the opinions of representatives of different fields, who have still not decided which is gold and which is silver: silence or speech. Both phenomena occur in different combinations in selective mutism, about which is decidedly more written than about total mutism. It is to be kept in mind that the latter type of disorder does also occur. We are nonetheless focusing on selective mutism, which comes in distinctive types (situational, anxiety-based, traumatic, oppositional). We provide an overview of various treatment strategies (behavioral approach, behavioral-cognitive approach, family approach, pharmacological approach, mixed approach) and we present our own therapeutic method. It is adjusted to the type of selective mutism and implemented in different conditions (office, therapeutic facility, a child''s family home, kindergarten, school). We also present a model for evaluating therapy effectiveness of mutism and summarize the results of research conducted in this field up to the present time. The monograph closes with a presentation of case studies of selective mutism prepared by Polish therapists.
This book is an attempt to analyse the unfavourable developments in the dynamics of mortality and life expectancy in post- communist countries in the global context. It appears that this mortality crisis in post-communist countries has a lot of similarities with the recent unfavourable developments in health status in developed countries and many developing countries. Such unfavourable trends have been caused by socio-economic, ''non-material'' factors, namely by a loss of social dynamism and/or stress, associated with economic restructuring and social adjustments. First, the stagnation of life expectancy in the former Soviet Union in 1965-90, after the rapid increase in 1920-65, is an important, under-researched phenomenon that enables study of the impact of the loss of social dynamism on health status. Second, the decline in life expectancy in the 1990s enables study of the impact of social stress on health status. Simplifying things, one can say that in the first case, life expectancy did not improve because there were too few changes in life, whereas in the second case, it declined due to excess changes that created stress. In both cases, however, the problem is that of finding an optimal measure of social changes that are beneficial to the quality of life and its longevity. The main goal of this book is to analyse common reasons for these developments in order to derive lessons from the experiences of particular countries.
This book covers structural and foundation systems used in high-voltage transmission lines, conductors, insulators, hardware and component assembly. Furthermore, this text provides the essential fundamentals of transmission line design. It is a good blend of fundamental theory with practical design guidelines for overhead transmission lines, providing the basic groundwork for students as well as practicing power engineers, with material generally not found in one convenient book. Featuring design problems with solutions for students, the book is aimed at students, practicing engineers, researchers and academics. It contains beneficial information for those involved in the design and maintenance of transmission line structures and foundations. For those in academia, it will be an adequate textbook/design guide for graduate-level courses on the topic. Engineers and managers at utilities and electrical corporations will find the book to be a useful reference at work. This book presents the current state of electrical technology applied to the calculation and design of high voltage power lines, both aerial and underground, by means of an original approach based on the simple exposure of theoretical bases that allow the reader to apply them in the subsequent resolution of numerous real engineering examples. The examples in each chapter are developed in detail and have been selected in order to address the diversity of electrical and mechanical calculations required by the design of high voltage power lines. The book consists of chapters dedicated to the electrical design of lines, mechanical calculation of conductors, supports and foundations, design of grounding facilities and calculation of underground lines. There is no other book that gathers, in such a detailed way and with a focus eminently practical, all aspects related to the design of high voltage lines.
Volume 35 first provides a classification scheme of assembly line balancing problems according to characteristic practical settings, highlighting relevant model extensions which are required to reflect real-world problems. Additionally, an assembly line balancing problem is introduced through designing an integrated assembly line and addressing the number of workstations and simultaneous assignments of skilled and unskilled workers. The authors describe an analogy between the methods of adaptive control used in classical control theory and practice on the one hand, and the methods of self-learning used in artificial intelligence systems on the other hand. In one study, a long short-term memory (LSTM) and a Bi-LSTM are proposed to use for classifying the activities of daily living. The accuracy of the proposed approach is evaluated against the current state-of-the-art methods. Two questions regarding very large-scale integration (VSLI) implementation of the X11 algorithm are addressed: how such algorithms are efficiently implemented at once, as well as whether it is possible to use the methods applied in such a VLSI in the implementation of more powerful VLSIs. The concluding study illustrates the azimuth concept in synthetic aperture radar through an analytical description of basic state of the art azimuth signal processing performed to generate synthetic aperture radar images.
Volume 141 first summarizes the literature on social cognition and its neural correlates in children and adults with ADHD, focusing on emotion recognition, theory of mind, empathy, moral cognition and social decision-making. Following this, the authors explore the environmental/chemical-associated peripheral blood gene expression profiling of autism spectrum disorder, providing an explanation for the molecular mechanisms of environmental chemicals on autism spectrum disorder. A quantitative study is conducted to provide empirical evidence of the relationship between altruistic leader behavior and innovation success, using radical innovation as an explanatory variable. In addition, this compilation aims to validate a scale designed to measure authentic moral pride for children aged 10-16. Participants also completed an adaptation of the Empathy Index for Children and Adolescents. The authors go on to analyze three-year productivity data (2014-2016) from clinical psychologists assigned to U.S. Army behavioral health clinics to examine patient care productivity standards. A simple computational model compares standards from the Department of the Army, the Veterans Health Administration, and the Defense Health Agency. The influence of psychosocial and clinical factors, as well as insight, on attitude and adherence to medication in patients with psychosis is explored through a clinical case study. The services available for support and employment opportunities for individuals with serious mental illness are reviewed. Serious mental illness is defined as a diagnosable mental health disorder that "leads to serious functional impairment, which substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities". The closing study examines the main characteristics of a male Italian child molester, aged 50 years old, through a semi-structured interview based on the central child molester theories and possible intervention strategies
Idiopatic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) represents one of the most important devastating diseases that affects the lungs. Traditionally, the development of acute or chronic respiratory failure in disiorepresents an important dilemma for pulmonologists, intensivists, internists and anesthesiologists, due to the limited respiratory and functional reserve of these patients. In the last decade, we have witnessed a novel development of non-invasive mechanical ventilation and high flow oxygenation systems, representing an attractive option for patients compared to those patients with well-known poor results of invasive mechanical ventilation. In this book, we analyze all the options of non-invasive mechanical ventilation, indications, ventilatory modes, protocols, technology, equipment and applications in acute and chronic phase of patients with IPF, in addition to an exhaustive approach of all complementary techniques that optimize the application of these procedures. There are no previous descriptions or updates that incorporate this comprehensive analysis. This book, thus, serves as an updated scientific and practical reference for the knowledge of all spectrum respiratory failure presentations in idiopatic pulmonary fibrosis.
Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 163 begins by discussing lipidomics, a newly emerging field of biomedical research that uses a mass spectrometry-based tool for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of complex lipids in the biological system. Following this, the authors analyze basic aspects of the cellular processes involved in olfactory signal transduction, focusing on the neurogenic processes of neuronal stem cells from the olfactory neuroepithelium. Recent information from several experimental studies is presented highlighting the application of CCl4 as an inducer of pathophysiological changes in key organs of the body. The preparation, advantages and multi-functionality of nano emulsions is reviewed in the context of their potential applications in targeted drug delivery. The existing preclinical and clinical studies carried out with sacubitril-valsartan (and other drugs with similar pharmacological mechanisms) in heart failure and hypertensive patients are described. The authors go on to explore monoclonal antibodies targeting multiple myeloma, a plasma cell neoplasia accounting for 10% of hemopoietic neoplasias. The closing study examines the various approaches for mitral valve surgery, comparing and contrasting the benefits and drawbacks of each.
Dreams are reported from all of stages of sleep. Yet almost all research and literature has focused on REM sleep. Much of what we know of dreaming outside REM sleep comes from the study of parasomnias, extreme events including strange and unusual behaviors, often inducing awakenings from sleep. These are not the "normal" dreams of REM sleep. These are the other dreams, parasomnia dreams, and they are quite special. This book brings together leading dream scientists from throughout the world to address these dreams. It is among the first to focus on sleep mentation in the large portion of sleep that is not REM sleep. Many parasomnias are commonly experienced, and even when causing frequent disruption of sleep, they are only rarely reflective of underlying medical or psychiatric disease. The non-REM parasomnias include hypnogognic hallucinations, panic attacks, night terrors and dreaming associated with sleep walking and confusional arousals. The parasomnias of REM sleep include nightmares, sleep paralysis and the acting out of dreams in REM behavior disorder. Parasomnia dreams describe the phenomenological extremes of dream experience such as strange behaviors, thinking and thought very different from wake state, intense visual hallucinations, extreme emotions, a vivid and apparently real dream world, as well as confusion, autonomic discharge and strange automatic behaviors on awakening. These forms of consciousness are both phenomenologically and neurophysiologically very different from the waking consciousness.
Anthocyanins are compounds associated with multiple interesting effects and potential applications. This group of natural compounds can be found in many foods (ranging from red to blue depending on the matrix) such as berries, eggplant, plums, black beans and red grapes. Moreover, the knowledge accumulated so far support the key role of anthocyanins in food and pharmaceutical industry, research and in the life of consumers. The versatility of effects attributed to anthocyanins is disclosed in this book by covering several aspects ranging from its chemical and physical characteristics, separation and identification, techniques to preserve isolated compounds and reaching the healthy benefits and its use in sports. In Chapter 1, the fundaments and main aspects related to anthocyanins are disclosed. The scientific evidence indicates positive effects were related to anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic and inflammatory effects, for instance. In addition, anthocyanins are excellent food additives by improving the color of food in the range between red and blue. Moreover, the applications are also related to strategies to extract and improve the stability of isolated compounds. A successful isolation is necessary to obtain anthocyanins for pharmaceutical and food applications. Chapter 2 aimed to explore the concepts and advances made to improve the recovery of anthocyanins from several types of sources. It also explored the characteristics of both conventional and novel technologies. The isolation of anthocyanins also requires an adequate approach to identify and quantify each compound within this class. Chapter 3 is dedicated to discuss the approaches to identify and quantify anthocyanins, particularly for mass spectroscopic, nuclear magnetic resonance and high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, the aspects related to method validation are also explored. Once the extraction and adequate quantification of isolated anthocyanins occurs, it is of great value to prevent their degradation. The concepts and use of encapsulation technique are discussed in Chapter 4. Particular attention is given to the methods and the composition of encapsulating material to improve stability. Prior to considering the biological effect and health benefits associated with the consumption of anthocyanins, the consumption and crucial events during the digestion and absorption must be considered in order to clarify and support strategies in food and pharmaceutical applications. The concepts, biological events (with emphasis on digestion) and the role of gut microbiota on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of anthocyanins are presented in Chapter 5. Following the absorption of anthocyanins several biological effects related to health benefits were reported in scientific literature. The first and preserve knowledge is related to the traditional consumption in order to treat diseases in folk medicine. This perspective and the scientific evidence raised so far are compiled in Chapter 6. In the chapter, the different plants sources to treat diseases are described. In Chapter 7, the relation between anthocyanins and antioxidant activity is discussed. The chapter contains the fundaments and scientific data regarding oxidative stress, lipid oxidation and evaluation of antioxidant activity (in both in vivo and in vitro methods). Moreover, the data from purified compounds and natural extracts are also presented and discussed. Another relevant benefit associated with anthocyanins is their impact on cardiovascular diseases. Chapter 8 presents the main factors associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases and discussed the role of anthocyanins to prevent the progression of this disease. Particular attention is given to the dietary sources of anthocyanins. Reducing the burden of cancer is another pertinent effect related to anthocyanins. In order to disclose the impact of anthocyanins against the development of cancer, Chapter 9 compiles fundamental concepts and scientific data supporting their role against this disease. Particular attention is given to pharmacokinetic of anthocyanins. Additionally, the development of food products for cancer survivors was also included in this chapter. Diabetes is a major disease that imposes limitation in the life of their carriers. Anthocyanins are important dietary components that can induce meaningful effects, at in vitro and in vivo level, to reduce the impact of diabetes in health. This perspective and the scientific data supporting it are discussed in Chapter 10. The inflammatory process is a major response mechanism in the human body. Once this process is dysregulated, a major impairing in health can occur. In Chapter 11, the mechanism by which anthocyanins act as anti-inflammatory compounds on affect key molecules and pathways are described. Neurodegenerative diseases, particularly during aging, are a major concern due to severe limitations related to memory and motion. Chapter 12 is dedicated to disclose the role and mechanisms related to neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, this chapter also presents the concepts and scientific data regarding the brain bioavailability of anthocyanins. The benefits associated with anthocyanins are not limited to reduce the risk associated with diseases, these compounds are also relevant dietary supplements for athletes. The role on the reduction of oxidative stress and in the performance of athletes and physically active people is discussed in Chapter 13.
In 2016, Russia meddled in the Presidential election through a series of cyber attacks and information warfare of state and local election jurisdictions. Their goals were to undermine the credibility of the outcome and sow discord and chaos among the American people. Foreign interference in democracy cannot be tolerated. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) designated the election infrastructure used in federal elections as a component of U.S. critical infrastructure. Chapters 1 and 2 report on efforts to enhance election technology and bolster cyber readiness. Chapter 3 focuses on Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller''s investigation of what Russia did to democracy in 2016, and what Russia is still trying to do to democracy today. Chapter 4 focuses on right of Congress to see the full Special Counsel report.
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