Scholarly interest in intersections between Jews and Syriac Christians has experienced a boom in recent years. This is the result of a series of converging trends in the study of both groups and their cultural productions. The present volume contributes to this developing conversation by collecting sixteen studies that investigate a wide range of topics, from questions of origins to the development of communal boundaries, from social interactions to shared historical conditions, involving Jews and Syriac Christians over the first millennium CE. These studies not only reflect the current state of the question, but they also signal new ways forward for future work that crosses disciplinary boundaries between the fields of Jewish Studies and Syriac Studies, in some cases even dismantling those boundaries altogether.
Jan Jakob Bornheim analyses the hypothesis about the inherent efficiency of common law compared to civil law. He examines key commercial property law concepts (i.e., ownership and security interests in relation to movables) and determines the characteristics of each system with regard to these. Using the Canadian experience as a model, he then takes a close look at how the two legal systems interact, arguing that efficient interaction can take place on both vertical and horizontal planes. On the vertical plane, property law would be able to interact with higher-level law (e.g., federal law in a federal state); on the horizontal plane, property laws of different jurisdictions could interact through the conflict of laws. The author also contends that equitable property rights, including constructive trusts as a response to unjust enrichment, should be governed by property law choice-of-law rules.
Der vorliegende Band bietet eine vollständige neue Übersetzung und Kommentierung der Politischen Ratschläge (Praecepta gerendae rei publicae) Plutarchs von Chaironeia (Provinz Achaea), die sich als ein Sendschreiben an einen jungen Hellenen aus Sardeis (Provinz Asia) vorstellen, der in die Stadtpolitik seiner Heimat unter den Bedingungen der römischen Oberhoheit eintreten will. Die interpretierenden Essays erläutern, vor allem anhand relevanter Inschriften-Zeugnisse, die politischen Rahmenbedingungen in Achaea und Asia und würdigen den spezifisch literarischen Charakter der Denkschrift.
How is Acts of the Apostles - its form and features - to be understood in light of the work's ancient Mediterranean cultural context? In the present study, Eric C. Moore offers a fresh response to this much-debated question, arguing for the utility of ancient colonization as an analytic lens for reading Acts, a story about the origins and replication of early Christianity. He explores how in narrating his account, Luke draws on a common stock of "foundation" motifs employed by ancient sources, textual and material alike, to glorify community beginnings.
After a century of neglect, Johannine ethics has enjoyed a recent surge in interest inspired by new theoretical insights in analysing ethical data in John's Gospel. By closely re-reading the text on the basis of this fresh research, Jan G. van der Watt's aim in the present volume is to reveal ethical data within its structural interrelatedness. The result is a comprehensive overview of basic questions related to ethics, such as what the basis or source of ethics actually is, whether identity plays a role in ethical decision making, how values and ethical requirements are to be recognised, what is expected of an ethical agent, and what ethical behaviour looks like. As a coherent guide to getting deeds done ethically, this first volume on the grammar of the apostle's ethics focuses on his Gospel, while a second is set to concentrate on his letters.
The teachers of early Christianity were one of its most intriguing groups and appear to have been the equivalent of the Jewish rabbis or pagan philosophers. By examining all the earliest sources mentioning the 'didaskaloi', Alessandro Falcetta sheds light on the first hundred years of their history, tackling questions such as why their fate was so different from that of the rabbis, and whether they were tradents of the Jesus material and therefore guarantors of the Gospels' historic reliability. By relating teachers to apostles, prophets and bishops, the author enriches our knowledge of the structure of early Christian communities and how they developed into hierarchical churches.
Sixteen hundred years after her death (d. 415 CE), the legacy of Hypatia of Alexandria's life, teaching, and especially her violent demise, continue to influence modern culture. Through a series of focused articles, this volume takes a fresh look at the most well-known ancient female philosopher under three aspects: first, through the evidence provided by her most famous pupil, Synesius of Cyrene; next, by placing her in her late antique cultural context, and, finally, through analysis of her reception both ancient and modern. Though the sources are meager, Hypatia's influence on her students and wider culture guaranteed that she remained an important figure throughout the centuries, albeit one ranging from chaste Neoplatonist to conniving witch. Along with its eleven new essays, this volume also includes a new translation of all the principal ancient sources touching on Hypatia.
Das deutsche Umwelt- und Infrastrukturrecht ist in ein Mehrebenensystem eingebunden und daher auch weitreichenden Einflüssen des Unionsrechts ausgesetzt. Die Integrations- und Interventionskraft der Europäischen Union beschränkt sich aber nicht nur auf legislative Rechtsakte. Auch der EuGH vermag durch seine Judikate spürbar auf die nationale Rechtsordnung einzuwirken. Diesen Einflüssen geht der vorliegende Tagungsband nach. Er dokumentiert dabei die wissenschaftlichen Fachvorträge, die im Rahmen des vom Institut für Umweltrecht der Universität Augsburg veranstalteten 5. Deutschen Umwelt- und Infrastrukturrechtstags gehalten wurden. Die Erschließung des Themas erfolgt im Kern durch eine Arbeit an Referenzthemen, wie insbesondere dem Wasserrecht, dem Energierecht, dem Naturschutz- und dem Immissionsschutzrecht. Eingerahmt werden diese Rechtsgebiete durch allgemeine Ausarbeitungen zum Rechtsschutz und zu den Grundlagen der Rechtsauslegung und Rechtsfortbildung durch den EuGH. Das Zusammenspiel von europäischem und nationalem Recht wird dabei durch rechtsvergleichende Überlegungen abgerundet.
Wissenschaftliche Forschung ist an spezifische Orte, Zeiten und Praktiken gebunden, die durch unzählige explizite und implizite Regeln eingegrenzt werden. Was aber geschieht, wenn diese Konfigurationen auseinanderbrechen? Friedrich Cain untersucht dies anhand der Forschungen, die polnische Wissenschaftler im Verborgenen durchführten, als das Land im Zweiten Weltkrieg unter deutscher Besatzung stand. Alle polnischen Bildungseinrichtungen und Forschungsstätten wie Schulen, Akademien und Universitäten, aber auch Bibliotheken und Labore wurden geschlossen und blieben 'nur für Deutsche' zugängig, denn ein 'Arbeitervolk', so die Rassentheorien der Besatzungsmacht, brauche keine höheren Kultureinrichtungen. Viele polnische Wissenschaftler wandten sich jedoch gegen die Verbote und versuchten weiter wissenschaftlich zu arbeiten. Neben der Organisation geheimer Seminare im Rahmen sogenannter Untergrunduniversitäten gelang es in nahezu allen Disziplinen klandestin zu forschen. Die Studie folgt soziologischen Untersuchungen einer Gesellschaft unter Besatzungsbedingungen, medizinischen Forschungen zur Hungerkrankheit und zum Fleckfieber sowie der Einrichtung physikalischer Experimentalzusammenhänge in Warschau, Krakau, Lemberg und anderswo. Versteckt in Privatwohnungen, getarnt als offizielle Unternehmen oder an der Schwelle zwischen deutscher Administration und polnischem Untergrund wurden gewohnte Infrastrukturen, also das Arsenal von Geräten, Büchern, Techniken und Tugenden neu organisiert. All dies hatte spezifische epistemologische Auswirkungen, etwa wenn Projekte abgebrochen, neu eingerichtet oder in der 'Laborsituation des Krieges' dynamisiert wurden. Häufig führte dies zur politischen Aufladung wissenschaftlicher Neutralitätsgebote und musste mit den politischen und moralischen Narrativen des polnischen Widerstands in Einklang gebracht werden.
Tractate Menahkot in the Babylonian Talmud considers the proper composition, formation, and presentation of offerings of grain and flour brought to the Jerusalem Temple. Redacted centuries after the destruction of the Temple and the cessation of the sacrificial cult, the tractate focuses on the work of the priests and the centrality of intent in validating or invalidating offerings. There is minimal consideration of the role or experience of the men and women who brought offerings. The tractate also contains a detailed discussion of major ritual objects: Torah scrolls, mezuzah, tsitsit, and tefillin. Dvora Weisberg's commentary focuses attention on the tractate's treatment of women and gender issues, considering the ways that the Talmud presents women's engagement with the sacrificial system and with key religious symbols.
A constant re-evaluation of the new archaeological and textual material unearthed and edited in recent decades is a recurrent duty of ancient and modern scholars. Since the overwhelming amount of available data and the complexity of new methodologies can be competently handled only by specialized scholars, such a re-evaluation is no longer possible for a single scholar. For this reason, archaeologists, cuneiform and biblical scholars as well as classicists joined forces at an international conference in Rome in May 2017 to share their accumulated knowledge. The results of the proceedings are presented here in the oral stage along with the Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, and Greco-Roman periods.
This edited volume brings together important scholars of religion in the ancient world to honor the impact of Karen L. King's scholarship in this field. Her work shows that Christianity was diverse from its first moments - even before the word "Christian" was coined - and insists that scholars must engage both in deep historical work and in ethical reflection. These essays honor King's intellectual impact by further investigating the categories that scholars have used in their reconstructions of religion, by reflecting on the place of women and gender in the analysis of ancient texts, and by providing historiographical interventions that illuminate both the ancient world and the modern scholarship that has shaped our field.
Die Finanzkrise und die Krisenmaßnahmen der Europäischen Zentralbank haben zu umfangreichen Veränderungen und neuen Herausforderungen für das Europäische System der Zentralbanken geführt. Wesentliche Auswirkungen ergeben sich auch in Bezug auf den Gewinn und Verlust der Bundesbank. Die erhebliche Erweiterung der Bilanzen der Zentralbanken des ESZB ermöglicht einerseits deutlich höhere Gewinne als in der Vergangenheit und andererseits stellt sie eine Bedrohung für die Solvenz der Zentralbanken dar. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht Timo Sebastian Heller die rechtlichen Regelungen in Bezug auf Gewinn und Verlust der Bundesbank. Dabei betrachtet er sowohl die Krisenmaßnahmen des ESZB als auch die Veränderung der TARGET2-Salden. Ebenfalls untersucht und bewertet er Alternativen zum bestehenden System der Gewinnverteilung und Gewinnverwendung.
Menschliches Zusammenleben ist geprägt durch Auseinandersetzungen um knappe Güter. Seien es materielle Ressourcen, politische Macht, soziale Anerkennung oder andere gesellschaftlich relevante Positionen: Die Frage nach ihrer gerechten Verteilung steht seit jeher im Zentrum philosophischer Diskurse, politischer Debatten und sozialer Konflikte. Welche Antworten haben im Recht ihren Niederschlag gefunden? Claudia Hofmann untersucht hierzu gleichheitsorientierte Maßnahmen im internationalen, europäischen und deutschen Recht. Diese Maßnahmen, so wird deutlich, zielen einerseits primär auf Rechts- und Chancengleichheit; substanzielle Gleichheit steht selten im Mittelpunkt. Andererseits generieren sie erneut Ungleichheiten. Dies wirft die Frage auf, wie man mit dieser möglicherweise nie endenden Gleichzeitigkeit von Gleichheit und Ungleichheit umgehen sollte.
Ein Recht ist dann unveräußerlich, wenn man es nicht freiwillig aufgeben oder transferieren kann. Elias Moser liefert eine Begriffsanalyse dieses grundlegenden Konzeptes. Es handelt sich bei solchen Rechten nicht nur um Grundrechte. Auch Einschränkungen der Einwilligung und der Vertragsfreiheit machen den Verzicht oder Transfer bestimmter Rechte unmöglich. Es stellt sich zudem die Frage, ob es so etwas wie unveräußerliche Rechte überhaupt geben kann oder ob das Konzept einen Widerspruch enthält. Schließlich untersucht der Autor, weshalb eine Person nicht frei über bestimmte Rechte verfügen darf und sucht nach den moralischen Gründen für die Rechtfertigung dieser Freiheitsbeschränkung. Ideen wie bspw. die Menschenwürde, ein gerechtfertigter Paternalismus, oder Schutz vor Zwang und Ausbeutung werden anhand von Beispielen aus Debatten der angewandten Ethik diskutiert.
In recent centuries critical scholarship on the Hebrew Bible has brought to light a large gap between biblical portrayals of the historical reality of ancient Israel (story) on the one hand, and historical-critical reconstructions of the actual past (history) on the other. The problems the so-called "minimalists" and "maximalists" struggled to solve still remain unsettled, and students as well as scholars of the Hebrew Bible cannot ignore or even remain indifferent to the gap and overlap between story and history. Could and should Hebrew Bible scholarship in the future move beyond the milieu of the debate between minimalists and maximalists? This volume, consisting of nine articles by authors with different institutional and religious backgrounds, articulates that there are ways to overcome the increasing gap between story and history.
Unter dem Schlagwort der "Materialisierung" wird diskutiert, wie materiellrechtliche Sonderwertungen zugunsten der schwächeren Partei auf den Zivilprozess Einfluss nehmen. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt hier auf verbraucherschützenden Regelungen im weiteren Sinne, welche die Privatautonomie einschränken. Im Erkenntnisverfahren hat dies zur Folge, dass ohne prozessuale Rechtfertigung von Verfahrensgrundsätzen des Zivilprozessrechts wie dem Grundsatz des Beklagtengerichtsstandes und der Parteiherrschaft abgewichen wird. Anhand des ehemaligen Abzahlungsrechts, des Verbraucherrechts, des Versicherungsrechts, des Wohnraummietrechts und des Fernunterrichtsrechts untersucht Friederike Jurczyk den Status quo und die Bedeutung dieser Entwicklung. Anschließend setzt sie diese in Relation zu Forderungen nach mehr Verbraucherschutz im Zivilprozess und Neuerungen im Recht der alternativen Streitbeilegung.
Andrew J. Kelley argues that Mark undergirds his high view of Jesus by characterizing him as a miracle-worker who does not defer to a deity in order to perform miracles. Survey work in the first half of this monograph shows that this is distinct from the many miracle-workers depicted in sources contemporary to the Gospel of Mark. Further emphasizing this distinction is the fact that all other miracle-workers in Mark either defer to the Jewish God or to Jesus to perform miracles. The author shows that these two characteristics of Mark's depiction of miracle working in contrast to other depictions of miracle working in the time period make it likely that Mark is using Jesus' autonomous miracle working to undergird his high, perhaps divine, view of Jesus.
In the Gospel of John, one aspect of Jesus¿ divinity is his lordship. Paul C.J. Riley examines Jesus¿ lordship through the use of one Christological title, kyrios, a word which can be translated as Lord, master, owner or sir. Because kyrios is often used by characters in the narrative, Riley considers it from a narrative perspective. As a result, the first question he examines is how kyrios functions. In addition, due to textual variation for some occurrences of kyrios, the next question addressed is where kyrios is. From a firm narrative and textual foundation, the final question the author asks is what kyrios means. The answers to these three questions provide a comprehensive understanding of Jesus¿ divine lordship in the Gospel of John.
Why do things change at certain times and not at others? The contributions collected in this volume approach this question from the perspective of threat. Defined as the self-alerting which goes on within societies and social groups, threats open up windows of opportunity for change - though not always the ones hoped for by those who raised the alarm in the first place. But once threatened, social orders previously taken for granted become visible, debateable and therefore changeable. Looking at the relationship between threat and social change with thematic, spatial and temporal foci, the contributions of this five-section volume treat topics ranging from systems of belief in Ancient Europe to droughts in twentieth century Australia, from medieval urban riots to organized crime and peaceful protest nowadays. With contributions by:Anna Ananieva, Matthias Becker, Phil Booth, Renate Dürr, Fernando Esposito, Ewald Frie, Klaus Gestwa, Rolf Haaser, Andreas Hasenclever, Rebecca Jones, Thomas Kohl, Beatrice von Lüpke, Mischa Meier, Klaus Ridder, Jan Sändig, Dennis Schmidt, Sebastian Schmidt-Hofner, Hannah Skoda, Holger Stritzel
This volume explores the inherent pluralism of the Reformation and its manifold legacies from an ecumenical and interdisciplinary point of view. The essays shed new light on several key questions such as: How do we interpret and assess the Reformation as a historical and theological event, as a historiographic category, and as a cultural myth? And what are the long-term global consequences of the Reformation period as manifest in the rise of competing confessional cultures and distinct Christian world religions, producing different types of modernities? Contributors:John Betz, Euan Cameron, Emidio Campi, Simon Ditchfield, Scott Dixon, Johannes Eurich, Patrick Griffin, Ryan P. Hoselton, Matthias Konradt, Greta Grace Kroeker, Hartmut Lehmann, Volker Leppin, David Lincicum, Ute Lotz-Heumann, Friederike Nüssel, Manfred Oeming, John O'Malley, Paul Silas Peterson, Jan Stievermann, Christoph Strohm, Douglas A. Sweeney, Randall C. Zachman
Steffi Fabricius approaches Pauline hamartiology from a cognitive semantic perspective and combines the conventional views on Paul's understanding of hamartia as an action, a personification, and as a power into a conceptual metaphorical network. By using the theories of conceptual metaphors and blending on biblical texts and their hermeneutical interpretation regarding fundamental-theological issues, a discussion is opened on why traditional methods are insufficient to cover hamartia extensively. The author not only reveals a revised concept of Pauline hamartia, but more importantly aims at a theological evaluation of cognitive semantics and its ontological foundation of embodied realism via relational ontology and the concept of metaphor as transfer, hoping to broaden the interdisciplinary discourse between systematic theology and cognitive linguistics.
A well-known characteristic of the sectarian Dead Sea Scrolls are their assertions that membership in the Qumran movement included present and eschatological fellowship with the angels, but scholars disagree as to the precise meaning of these claims. To gain a better understanding of angelic fellowship at Qumran, Matthew L. Walsh utilizes the early Jewish concept that certain angels were closely associated with Israel. Moreover, these angels, which included guardians and priests, were envisioned within apocalyptic worldviews that assumed that realities on earth corresponded to those of the heavenly realm. A comparison of non-sectarian texts with sectarian compositions reveals that the Qumran movement's lofty assertions of communion with the guardians and priests of heavenly Israel would have made a significant contribution to their identity as the true Israel.
In recent years, three particular debates have risen to the fore of Pauline Studies: the question of the centre of Pauline theology, how to interpret the mula, and the relationship between divine and human agency. In the present study, Jeanette Hagen Pifer contends that several of the apparent conundrums in recent Pauline scholarship turn out to derive from an inadequate understanding of what Paul means by faith. By first exploring the question of what Paul means by faith outside of the classic justification passages in Romans and Galatians, she reveals faith as an active and productive mode of human existence. Yet this existence is not a form of human self-achievement. On the contrary, faith is precisely the denial of self-effort and a dependence upon the prior gracious work of Christ. In this way, faith is self-negating and self-involving participation in the Christ-event.
Focusing on the present text of the Fourth Gospel, Deolito V. Vistar, Jr. argues that the "signs" are not only the eight major miracles recounted in the Gospel, but also include non-miraculous deeds of Jesus (the temple "cleansing," the washing of the disciples' feet, and so forth) that equally reveal his true identity and role as the incarnate Word of God, the supreme revealer of the Father, the Savior of the world, and so forth. Based on this broad meaning and reference, the author further argues that the complex of the cross-and-resurrection is the supreme "sign." The earlier "signs" adumbrate and lead up to the "sign" par excellence, where Christ supremely reveals who he is and accomplishes the salvation of the world. The author builds up his case by mustering fresh arguments from the text, yielding insights and conclusions that contribute to the continuing broader interpretation of the Fourth Gospel.
This volume deals with aspects of the early Christian mission and its context. The articles, which were presented originally at a symposium which took place from 30 September to 1 October 2014, cover problem areas in New Testament exegesis (Gospels, Acts, Paul and Deutero-Pauline) as well as in church history (referring to traditions of mission in Africa and Asia), and together they provide an introduction into the possible interpretations and perspectives which emerge when reading selected literature attentively. Contributors:Hans-Joachim Eckstein, Desta Heliso, Beth Langstaff, Hermann Lichtenberger, Peter F. Penner, Rainer Riesner, Günter Stemberger, Gert Steyn, Loren T. Stuckenbruck, Li Tang, Michael Tilly, Korinna Zamfir
In this study, Max Whitaker investigates the intriguing accounts of Jesus' resurrection appearances through the lens of Greco-Roman narratives. In both canonical and apocryphal accounts of Jesus' post-resurrection appearances, Jesus appears in an unrecognisable form to other characters, including people who knew him well just before his death. The motif of a character appearing in an unrecognisable form to people he or she knows well is one which exists in folk literature, and in Greco-Roman and Jewish literature from a range of genres. The author investigates a range of stories in which characters appear in an unrecognisable or metamorphic form, and summarises patterns and themes. This throws new light on how Jesus' post-resurrection stories would have been understood by their original audiences.
How did the drastic experiences of the turbulent twentieth century affect the works of a legal historian? What kind of an impact did they have on the ideas of justice and rule of law prominent in legal historiography? Ville Erkkilä analyses the way in which the concepts of 'Rechtsgewissen' and 'Rechtsbewusstsein' evolved over time in the works of the prestigious legal historian Franz Wieacker. With the help of previously unavailable sources such as private correspondence, the author reveals how Franz Wieacker's personal experiences intertwined in his legal historiography with the tradition of legal science as well as the social and political destinies of twentieth century Germany.
Exile is a central concern in the Hebrew Bible. The fifteen essays in this volume, presented at an international conference in Copenhagen in May 2017, investigate and discuss images of exile in the prophetic books. Some deal with a specific passage or biblical book, while others approach the issue by comparing different books or by looking more closely at a particular metaphor or theme. A recurrent question is what role language and metaphors play in the prophets' attempts to express, structure, and cope with experiences of exile. Contributors:Sonja Ammann, Ulrich Berges, Göran Eidevall, Martien A. Halvorson-Taylor, Søren Holst, Else K. Holt, Jesper Høgenhaven, Paul M. Joyce, Hyun Chul Paul Kim, Anja Klein, Francis Landy, Frederik Poulsen, Cian Power, Dalit Rom-Shiloni, Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer
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