Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is a next generation platform with the potential to extend Moore''s Law. The EUV mirror is a fundamental component of this system. Efficient Extreme Ultraviolet Mirror Design describes an approach to designing EUV mirrors with reduced computational time and memory requirements, providing a comprehensive grounding in the fundamentals of the EUV mirror and knowledge of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The discussion is made timely by the opening of commercial avenues for the application of EUV as it begins to be implemented in the development of 5G, AI, edge computing, VR and the Internet of Things. This book explores the theory, function and fabrication of EUV mirrors, as well as the correlation between design by Fresnel''s equations and design by photonic bands, and develops a rigorous and efficient FDTD method by applying these considerations to three simulation cases. Intended primarily for EUV industry professionals, Efficient Extreme Ultraviolet Mirror Design will be of particular use to researchers investigating large scale problems or near-field scattering problems in EUV lithography. It will serve as an excellent reference text for anyone working in or studying optical engineering, as well as a high-level introduction for researchers from other fields interested in photolithography and the FDTD method. Key Features Addresses knowledge of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mirrors and EUV lithography. Establishes a relation between photonic bands and Fresnel''s equation. Introduces the high reflectivity EUV mirror design rules. Applies numerical simulation for EUV mirror design. Details efficient finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) approach.
Here, the author provides a review and oversight of many views on the interpretation of quantum physics and the wide philosophical debate that still embroils this subject over 100 years since its initial development.
In recent years, the field of digital photoelasticity has begun to stabilise. Developments in Photoelasticity presents, in one volume, the time-tested advancements that have brought about a fundamental change in employing photoelastic analysis to solve diverse applications. Based on decades of active research, this authoritative treatment surveys wide-ranging connections in the field, focusing on developments made since 2010. Wide-ranging in its application, this high-level reference text is an invaluable tool for stress analysts, teachers of photo-mechanics and industry practitioners involved in stress analysis, solid mechanics, fracture mechanics, glass stress analysis, and contact mechanics. It also serves as a link between active research and teaching at graduate and senior undergraduate level.Key Features:Establishes the basics of photoelasticity with clarity to serve as a primary reference for users of the methodologyExplains phase-shifting methods that are robust enough to allow the reader to implement them with ease.Explores modern methods based on colour information processing using a single isochromatic image as well as use of conventional polariscopes for complete photoelastic analysis.Provides carrier fringe analysis tools for quantifying low stress field information for special applications.Extensive information on a variety of applications of photoelasticity covering domains ranging from biomedical to aerospace to civil engineering applications.Highlights large scale photoelastic studies in granular materials with applications in plant biology, neurobiology and biomimetics
Astronomy has traditionally relied on capturing photons from cosmic sources to be able to understand the universe. During the 20th and 21st centuries, different messengers have been added to the astronomer's toolset: cosmic rays, neutrinos, and most recently gravitational waves. Each of these messengers opens a new window on the universe, and a modern astronomer must be familiar with them. The goal of this book is to provide a broad understanding of these messengers and their relationship to each other. The unique physics of each messenger is introduced, as well as the physics of their detection and interpretation. An additional focus is the discussion of techniques and topics that are common to more than one messenger. Principles of Multimessenger Astronomy is designed to be both an introduction and reference to modern astronomy.Key FeaturesProvides a general reference for all astronomers interested in multimessenger observational astronomy and astrophysics, as well as a teaching resourceExplores foundation topics that are useful across messenger and waveband boundariesIncludes scientific history, and the operation and use of modern astronomical instrumentationIntroduces the use of data from multiple messengers
The electrical double layer describes charge and potential distributions that form at the interface between electrolyte solutions and the surface of an object. They occur in a wide range of physical and chemical systems, where they play a fundamental role in their chemical and electrochemical behaviour. Colloid science, electrochemistry, material science, and biology are a few examples where such interfaces play a crucial role. Though first described over a hundred years ago, the study of the electrical double layer remains an important topic today. Parallel to this investigation is the rapid development of the liquid state theory, which relates molecular interactions to macroscopic thermodynamic properties. The focus of this book is on the application of modern liquid state theories to the properties of electric double layers, where it demonstrates the ability of statistical mechanical approaches, such as the classical density functional theory, to provide insights and details that will enable a better and more quantitative understanding of electric double layers. It provides a systematic description of electrical double layer models and their applications, extending the coverage of continuum models found in other introductory texts, with molecular models and the effects of solvents. The book will be essential reading for advanced students and researchers in interfacial science and its applications; be they chemists, physicists, materials scientists or engineers.Key FeaturesIncludes both continuum and molecular modelsRelies on modern statistical mechanical approachesSuitable for chemists, physicists, material scientists and engineersOffers a new outlook for fundamental and applied researchers on the basic physics and chemistry of charged interfaces involving electrolytesHelps to advance further research fields as colloid science, electrochemistry, material science, and physical chemistry of electrolytes.
This book is a compendium of key scientific questions, challenges, and opportunities across different areas of exoplanetary science. The field is currently experiencing rapid growth, and the book provides a front-row view of the advancements at the cutting-edge of the field. Each chapter contains a short exposition on the most important open questions, challenges, and opportunities in a specific area from the perspective of one or more top experts in the area. It provides a starting point for researchers, experts and non-experts alike, to obtain a quick overview of the forefront of exoplanetary science and a vision for the future of the field. Topics range from observational developments and techniques, including exoplanet detection and characterisation methods and state-of-the-art and future missions, to exoplanet theory and modelling including planet formation, planetary interiors, atmospheres, habitability and the search for life.Key FeaturesProvides a close-up view of the frontiers of exoplanetary science researchSummarises key questions, challenges, and opportunities across different areas of the fieldWritten by leading experts in the fieldProvides a valuable reference for early career researchersTopics span from state-of-the-art and emerging areas to long-term future directions
This book is a comprehensive guide to the current state-of-the-art science and technology involved in the analysis and development of gamma-ray nuclear materials for commercial, medical, industrial, military and space applications. It reviews the current and upcoming materials and material-based technologies for gamma-ray detectors, as well as their growth process in various forms, such as single crystals, films, and ceramics. Thoroughly compiled, it is ideal for graduate students, engineers, technicians, scientists and managers. It brings to both novice and advanced readers all the topics required to jump-start investigations on gamma-ray materials and their growth. Key Features: Provides the state-of-the-art in this rapidly evolving domain with a focus on third generation crystals for nuclear radiation detectors The only book to cover fundamentals, applications, and the latest research results Includes processing techniques and discusses the applications of nuclear detectors Discusses potential materials that can be used in nuclear detection Presents the future of nuclear detectors
Modern medicine and healthcare are highly dependent on engineering, employing instrumentation and computer systems to aid investigation, diagnosis, treatment and patient management. The significant developments in the field of computational intelligence, combined with the emergence of high-performance computing is impacting society in many ways, and the health sector is no exception. The interface of high-performance computing, computational intelligence and medical science, has seen the emergence of intelligent medical systems. These systems can provide a deeper insight into many healthcare and medical problems. It can also aid in controlling, analyzing and the management of medical applications and can provide significant improvement in the quality of life and efficacy of clinical treatment. However, the successful application of high-performance computing in medicine requires in-depth knowledge and understanding of medical systems.This book focuses on the advances and applications of high-performance computing for medical systems and provides an insight into the latest developments in the field. It will help readers to understand the high-performance computing research domain as related to intelligent medical systems, its effect on our lives and its present limitations.Key featuresIncorporates a range of cutting-edge computing technologies as applied to healthcare.International expert authors.Reviews present progress and future challengesFocus on applications.Interdisciplinary readership.
The Physics of Sound Waves: Music, Instruments, and Sound Equipment, Second Edition describes the properties of sound waves as they relate to the production of sound by musical instruments, the perception and interpretation of sound, FFT analysis, recording and reproduction of musical sounds, and the quality of sound in both indoor and outdoor environments.
This new, expanded edition provides a fresh, photon-based description of modern molecular spectroscopy and photophysics, with applications that are drawn from across the breadth of chemistry, biology, physics, and materials science, including recent developments. The focus is on the mechanisms that operate at the fundamental level, on how light absorption and scattering occur in molecules, what happens to the energy which the molecules acquire, and what may be learned from the study of these processes. Mathematics is again kept to a minimum though quantitative understanding is nevertheless put into practice via example calculations throughout the text. With the aid of extensive, purposely devised illustrations, this approach fosters a deeper intuition for the photophysical processes involved in lightΓÇÆmatter interaction, aiming to consolidate the principles and to exemplify how widely ranging information can be derived from spectroscopic studies.Key featuresSignificantly expanded and revised new edition. Extending the fundamentals and incorporating new and recently developed applications.Features extensive, purposely devised illustrations.Incorporates worked examples.Accessible to advanced students in chemistry, physics, materials, biology and engineering
Domain Structured Dynamics is the first systematic presentation to examine the construction and identification of chaotic dynamics through a specially designed labeling. The power of the approach for fractals as domains of chaos, revisited famous deterministic and stochastic models, new types of differential equations and neural networks is seen in the book.
This book provides an enthusiastic view of how compactified string/M-theories, plus data that may be reachable, have the possibility of leading to a comprehensive underlying theory describing our physical world, particle physics and cosmology, gravity and quantum theory, perhaps soon.
Physics of Cancer focuses on the mechanical properties of cancer cells and their role in cancer disease and metastasis. It discusses the role of the mechanical properties of interacting cells and the connective tissue microenvironment and describes the role of an inflammation during cancer disease. This outstanding book is the first to describe cancer disease from a biophysical point of view without being incomplete in describing the biological site of cancer. Originating in part from the author's own courses on tumor biology and cellular biophysics, this book is suitable for both students and researchers in this dynamic interdisciplinary field, be they from a physical, biological or medical sciences background.
Emerging Laser Technologies for High-Power and Ultrafast Science includes chapters from leading experts devoted to the most recent achievements in the field. Including cutting-edge topics such as high energy/high average power laser systems, the most current developments for high repetition rate high average power infrared fiber laser systems, breakthroughs of the development of CPA based on chromium doped zinc selenide gain material, infrared/mid-infrared laser systems based on high average power Ytterbium pumped OPCPA, and generation of ultrashort laser pulses in the UV spectral range. This book will serve as an important reference for students, researchers, scientists, and engineers interested in the development of next generation of ultrafast laser technologies.Key FeaturesContributions from leaders in the field of ultrafast science.Discusses the recent developments including high average power/peak power laser technologies.Includes recent developments of optical parametric chirped pulse amplifiers for the amplification of few-cycle pulses.Presents hollow core fiber compression for the generation of few-cycle pulses.Provides important references and discusses different approaches for the development of next generation of ultrafast laser technologies.
Offering a one-stop reference, this book provides an understanding of the physical phenomena, process principles, latest achievements, and applications from the key researchers and research groups that focus on precision micro- and nano-scale laser processing.
This book describes two aspects of fusion plasma physics that are usually treated separately. Written in tutorial form, the first part of the book presents some of the essentials of magnetically confined plasma physics that are necessary for an in-depth understanding of the basic principles and underlying phenomena, in a consistent and comprehensive way. The second part is focused on existing powerful sources of high-frequency coherent radiation used for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), electron cyclotron resonance current drive (ECRCD), as well as for plasma ignition, control, and diagnostics in different fusion devices such as ITER and DEMO that are currently under development.Key FeaturesIntroduces a topic of increasing importance in fusion science and technologyDescribes the essential elements of magnetically confined fusion plasma physics as well as the sources of coherent radiation used for heating, control, and diagnosticsGives an overview of Gyrotron and CARM technologyProvides a design primer for high-frequency heating devices
This is a substantially revised and expanded second edition of a book published in the Concise series. The book has been considerably extended and a number of corrections have been made to the text and diagrams. A new chapter (7) has also been added on distortion mode analysis. Many new diagrams have been added and the topics have been explained more fully and with more attention to detail.
Applying the general deterministic approach of systems computational biology, the monograph considers questions related to the biomechanics of the human urinary bladder in conjunction with the peripheral and central nervous systems. The step-by-step development of mathematical models of separate structural elements and their assembly into a unique self-regulatory system offers, for the first time, a holistic overview and allows the investigation of the dynamics of the lower urinary tract system at its hierarchical levels. This book provides a coherent description and explanation for intertwined intracellular pathways in terms of spatiotemporal, whole body, tractable representations which are supported by numerous computational simulations.Key FeaturesIt reconstructs accurately the cytoarchitecture and morphofunctional relationships between the elements of the central nervous (brain) and genitourinary (urinary bladder system).Offers for the first time a both quantitative and qualitative, assessment of the neurohormonal and mechanobiological processes involved in the process.Provides a comprehensive description for intertwined regulatory pathways in terms of spatiotemporal dynamic representations.Encourages the reader to develop and apply a unique holistic approach to solving complex biomedical problems in the area of growth and remodeling of the urinary bladder through application of modern methods of computational biology.
Quantum Entanglement Engineering and Applications, the first of its kind, focuses on the practical mathematical tools necessary to handle quantum entanglement and requirements to design optical configurations for quantum entanglement-based systems in quantum communications and quantum computing.
As a broad area of science and technology, modeling and computational photonics is an ever-growing and developing topic. Covering the crucial foundations of photonics, as well as delving into the more complex aspects of the field, Modeling and Design Photonics by Examples with MATLAB(R) is a comprehensive study of computational photonics that will bridge the gap between academic and industrial worlds. Using MATLAB(R) code to help provide solutions, this book will help readers to use modelling as an effective tool for designing and optimizing photonic systems.Key FeaturesBridges the gap between academic descriptions and real modeling works in photonics.Provides details of physics and mathematical models of the problems.Includes MATLAB(R) codes for some important problems that are still new to many readers.Presents detailed explanations of the physics and solutions from the modeling results.Helps readers to use modeling as a tool for designing and optimizing photonics systems.
This reference text brings together comprehensive reviews of the latest research in the field of bionanomaterials, with a focus on fundamentals and biomedical applications. The major applications covered include nanobiosensing, nanomedicine, diagnostics, therapeutics, tissue engineering and green bionanotechnology.
This course text provides an accessible introduction to thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, at a level that is suitable for both physics and engineering majors. The book acts as a core text for undergraduate courses, particularly for students who find the topics challenging.
The last few decades have seen significant progress in our understanding of the occurrence of magnetic fields in stars with radiative envelopes, in particular in massive stars and in intermediate mass stars at early evolutionary stages. This book provides a comprehensive review of the most recent achievements in the measurements of stellar magnetic fields in O, B and A stars. These include the archetypes of stellar magnetism, the chemically peculiar Ap and Bp stars, O- and early B-type stars with their magnetospheres, accreting Herbig Ae/Be stars, Wolf-Rayet stars and high-mass X-ray binaries, among others. It provides an overview of the underlying physics for the interpretation of the data and identifies the requirements, both observational and theoretical, for improving our understanding of the origin of the magnetic fields in early-type stars. It aims to educate scientists working on stars, who are not yet experts in magnetic field studies, assuming that the reader is already familiar with basic terms and concepts of stellar astrophysics.Key FeaturesProvides a comprehensive review of the field for researchers and studentsGives an overview of the underlying physics for the interpretation of dataIdentifies requirements for understanding the origin of magnetic fields in early-type starsFirst research-level book on the topicWritten by experts in the field of stellar magnetism
The purpose of this textbook is to provide the necessary science overview of optical design detection essentials but in a context of use applied to the design process. Application case studies are included to illustrate one or more practical concepts as well as example problems and end-of-chapter problems.
This book presents the state-of-the-art in radiation detection of light and heavy ions, beta particles, gamma rays and neutrons. It will be invaluable to PhD students in experimental nuclear physics and nuclear technology, as well as undergraduate students encountering projects based on radiation detection for the first time.
The purpose of this book is to help semiconductor inspection equipment users and manufacturers understand what nano dimensional standards are used to calibrate their equipment and how to employ them effectively. Reviewing trends and developments in nanoscale standards, the book starts with an introductory overview of nanometrological standards before proceeding to detail pitch standard, step height, line width, nano particle size, and surface roughness. This book is essential for users making quantitative nanoscale measurements, be that in a commercial or academic research setting, or involved in engineering nanometrology for quality control in industrial applications. Here the author provides an approachable understanding and application of the nanoscale standards in a practical context across a range of common nanoscale measurement modalities, including 3D, with particular emphasis on applications to AFM, an exceptional and arguably the most common technique used in nanometrology due to the ease of use and versatility of applications.Key featuresPractical guide for users and practitionersPuts nanoscale standards in a practical context.Covers a range of measurement modalities.2D and 3D measurements.
The relentless pace of innovation in biomedical imaging has provided modern researchers with an unprecedented number of techniques and tools to choose from. While the development of new imaging techniques is vital for ongoing progress in the life sciences, it is challenging for researchers to keep pace. Imaging Modalities for Biological and Preclinical Research is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of currently available biological and preclinical imaging methods, including their benefits and limitations. Experts in the field guide the reader through both the physical principles and biomedical applications of each imaging modality, including description of typical setups and sample preparation.Volume 2 focuses on in vivo imaging methods, including intravital microscopy, ultrasound, MRI, CT and PET. Correlative multimodal imaging, (pre)clinical hybrid imaging techniques and multimodal image processing methods are also discussed. The volume concludes with a look ahead to emerging technologies and the future of imaging in biological and preclinical research.Key FeaturesProvides an overview of fast-evolving in-vivo imaging technologies.Bridges biological and preclinical imaging.Written by imaging specialists with extensive expertise in their respective fields.
This book explains the Lorentz mathematical group in a language familiar to physicists. This new edition extends applications to optical sciences and includes five new chapters on applications in statistical physics, condensed matter physics. quantum optics and quantum information and artificial intelligence.
This edited book is written for students, postdocs and established investigators who want to enter the field of single-particle cryo-EM. This is a recently developed method to determine high-resolution structures of biological macromolecules. A major strength is the fact that cryo-EM does not require prior crystallization of protein complexes. It is especially well suited for larger complexes and molecular machines. This book, provides a comprehensive, accessible and authoritative introduction to the field. It covers all necessary background, ranging from the underlying concepts to practical aspects such as specimen preparation, data-collection, data analysis, and the final validation of results.Key featuresWritten for students, postdocs and established investigators who want to enter the field of single-particle cryo-EMProvides a comprehensive, accessible and authoritative introduction to the field of high-resolution structure analysis by single-article cryo-EMCovers all necessary background, ranging from the underlying concepts to practical aspects such as specimen preparation, data-collection, data analysis, and the final validation of resultsAuthors of individual sections of this book have been recruited from among the most authoritative leaders in each topic
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