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Raphael Patkanyan (also known as Kamar Katiba; November 8, 1830 - August 22, 1892) was one of the most popular Armenian poets. Patkanian was born in Nor Nakhichevan, Russia in 1830, his father and grandfather had been known for their poetic gifts. While at the University of Moscow, he created a literary club for his Armenian students, and from initials of their names formed his own pen-name of Kamar Katiba. Many of his poems were written during the Turco-Russian war, when the Russian Armenians had high hopes for the deliverance of Turkish Armenia from the Ottoman yoke. Patkahian died in 1892, after forty-two years of his continuous activity, as a teacher, author, and editor.Հայ բանաստեղծ, արձակագիր, հասարակական գործիչ Ռափայել Պատկանյանր ծնվել է Նոր Նախիջևանում, 1830 թ. նոյեմբերի 8-ին, համբավավոր մանկավարժ Գաբրիել քահանա Պատկանյանի ընտանիքում։ 1836-1837 թվականներին արդեն հոր երկլեզվյան դպրոցի, իսկ 1842 թ. Մոսկվայի Լազարյան ճեմարանի սան Էր։ 1851-ին սովորել է Դորպատի համալսարանում։ Նույն տարում ընդունվել է Մոսկվայի համալսարանի բժշկական ֆակուլտետը։ 1866-ին ավարտել է Պետերբուրգի համալսարանի արևելյան ֆակուլտետը։ Վախճանվել է 1892թ.-ի օգոստոսի 8-ին,ՆորՆախիջևանում։ Առաջին ստեղծագործությունները լույս են տեսել 1850-51 թվականներին Արարատ շաբաթաթերթում։ 1852-ին իր ուսանող ընկերների հետ հիմնում է Գամառ-Քատիպա ընկերությունը։ 1855-ին լույս է տեսնում Գամառ-Քաթիպայի առաջին պրակը՝ Գրե այնպես ինչպես որ խոսում են, խոսե այնպես ինչպես որ գրում են բնաբանով։ 1880-ական թվականներին Պատկանյանր գրում է Փառասեր, Տիկին և նաժիշտ վիպակները։ Այդ գործերից առաջինում ներկայացված է օտարամոլ, միայն անձնական բարօրության մասին մտածող հայը, որը, չնայած իր կատարելություններին, չարաչար պատուհասվում է, քանի որ նա չի կարող համակրանք շահել ինչպես իր ազգակիցներից, այնպես էլ օտարներից։ Նույն երևույթն է ներկայացրել նաև երկրորդ՝ Տիկին և նաժիշտ, վիպակում Ինչպիսին պիտի չլինի հայը, ահա' այս է վիպակների հիմնական գաղափարական առնցքը։

Elizabeth Keckley's post-Civil War life story is part slave narrative, part gossip column, part Horatio Alger story. It blends autobiography with - is there a word to describe a biography that disparages its subject? Although Elizabeth Keckley lived longer as a slave than as modiste to First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln, most of her engrossing autobiography is devoted to her White House years. The opening three chapters establish her as a woman to be reckoned with: the "school of slavery," as she calls her bondage, taught her to be fiercely self-reliant, persevering, and defiant, though more than one slavemaster tried to beat her into submission. Having worked as a reputable seamstress for three years while also performing her full-time duties as a slavewoman, she finally manages to buy freedom for both herself and her son. After a brief, unhappy marriage, she begins her rapid social ascent from seamstress for the solid South's "best ladies" to Mary Todd Lincoln's best friend and confidante. Elizabeth Keckley's narrative is riveting as she recounts life in the White House during the Lincoln administration in meticulous detail. Behind the Scenes will engage equally the history buff, the gossip monger, and the lover of literature. - For great reviews of books for girls, check out Let's Hear It for the Girls: 375 Great Books for Readers 2-14. - From 500 Great Books by Women; review by Joycelyn Moody

Understood Betsy is a 1916 novel for children by Dorothy Canfield Fisher. The story tells of Elizabeth Ann, a 9-year-old orphan who goes from a sheltered existence with her father's aunt Harriet and cousin Frances in the city, to living on a Vermont farm with her mother's family, the Putneys, whose child-rearing practices had always seemed suspect to Harriet and her daughter. In her new rural life, Elizabeth Ann comes to be nicknamed "Betsy," and to find that many activities that Frances had always thought too demanding for a little girl are considered, by the Putney family, routine activities for a child: walking to school alone, cooking, and having household duties to perform... (wikipedia.org)

Theodore Lothrop Stoddard (June 29, 1883 - May 1, 1950) was an American political scientist, historian, journalist, anthropologist, eugenicist, pacifist, and anti-immigration advocate who wrote a number of books which are cited by historians as prominent examples of early 20th-century scientific racism.During World War II he wrote Into the Darkness, about the effect of war on Nazi Germany. Stoddard was relatively nonpartisan in his coverage of the Nazi regime, but he did express concern for the welfare of the European Jewish community, foreseeing intense violence against the Jews.

Excerpt:...There is, however, in art another kind of external similarity which is founded on a fundamental truth. When there is a similarity of inner tendency in the whole moral and spiritual atmosphere, a similarity of ideals, at first closely pursued but later lost to sight, a similarity in the inner feeling of any one period to that of another, the logical result will be a revival of the external forms which served to express those inner feelings in an earlier age. An example of this today is our sympathy, our spiritual relationship, with the Primitives. Like ourselves, these artists sought to express in their work only internal truths, renouncing in consequence all consideration of external form.

The Critique of Practical Reason is the second of Immanuel Kant's three critiques, first published in 1788. It follows on from his Critique of Pure Reason and deals with his moral philosophy.The second Critique exercised a decisive influence over the subsequent development of the field of ethics and moral philosophy, beginning with Fichte's Doctrine of Science and becoming, during the 20th century, the principal reference point for every moral philosophy of a deontological stamp.

"The smiling Garden of Persian Literature": a Garden which I would describe, in the Eastern style, as a happy spot, where lavish Nature with profusion strews the most fragrant and blooming flowers, where the most delicious fruits abound, which is ever vocal with the plaintive melancholy of the nightingale, who, during day and night, "tunes her love-laboured song": ... where the voice of Wisdom is often heard uttering her moral sentence, or delivering the dictates of experience.-Sir W. Ouseley.

Men Like Gods is a novel written in 1923 by H. G. Wells. It features a utopian parallel universe. Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 - 13 August 1946) was an English author, now best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many other genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary, even writing text books. Together with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback, Wells has been referred to as "The Father of Science Fiction". (wikipedia.org)