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L'Homme qui rit est un roman philosophique de Victor Hugo publié en avril 1869 dont l¿action se déroule dans l¿Angleterre de la fin du xviie et du début du xviiie siècle. Il est notamment célèbre pour la figure mutilée dans un rire permanent de son héros qui a fortement inspiré le monde littéraire et cinématographique.

Scendi, Urania, dal ciel, scendi, se questo Nome a te si convien, la cui divina Voce soave accompagnando, io m'ergo Sopra l'Olimpio monte ed oltre il volo Delle Pegásee favolose penne. Un vôto nome io non invoco, ed una Di quelle nove imaginate suore Non sei per me, nè dell'Olimpo in vetta La tua dimora è già: tu quella sei...

Je m¿appelle Louis Roubieu. J¿ai soixante-dix ans, et je suis né au village de Saint-Jory, à quelques lieues de Toulouse, en amont de la Garonne. Pendant quatorze ans, je me suis battu avec la terre, pour manger du pain. Enfin, l¿aisance est venue, et le mois dernier, j¿étais encore le plus riche fermier de la commune.Notre maison semblait bénie. Le bonheur y poussait; le soleil était notre frère, et je ne me souviens pas d¿une récolte mauvaise. Nous étions près d¿une douzaine à la ferme, dans ce bonheur. Il y avait moi, encore gaillard, menant les enfants au travail ; puis, mon cadet Pierre, un vieux garçon, un ancien sergent ; puis, ma s¿ur Agathe, qui s¿était retirée chez nous après la mort de son mari, une maîtresse femme, énorme et gaie, dont les rires s¿entendaient à l¿autre bout du village. Ensuite venait toute la nichée : mon fils Jacques, sa femme Rose, et leurs trois filles, Aimée, Véronique et Marie ; la première mariée à Cyprien Bouisson, un grand gaillard, dont elle avait deux petits, l¿un de deux ans, l¿autre de dix mois....

"Kim" is a novel written by the British author Rudyard Kipling. First published in 1901, it's a classic work of British literature and is known for its exploration of British colonialism and the cultural landscape of India during the late 19th century.The story is set in British-occupied India and follows the adventures of the young orphaned protagonist, Kim, who becomes a part of the "Great Game," a term used to describe the espionage and rivalry between the British and Russian Empires in Central Asia. Kim's upbringing as an Indian and his education in a British school give him a unique perspective that allows him to navigate the complex and sometimes dangerous world of colonial India.Kipling's novel delves into themes of identity, cultural hybridity, and the clash between East and West. It also explores the concept of the "double agent" as Kim finds himself in a position where his loyalties are tested and his role in the Great Game becomes pivotal."Kim" is a rich and complex narrative that blends adventure, espionage, and a deep sense of place. It reflects Kipling's deep affection for India and his critical examination of the British Empire's presence in the region.Keywords: Rudyard Kipling, "Kim," British colonialism, India, the Great Game, espionage, cultural identity, East-West clash, double agent.

"Justine, or The Misfortunes of Virtue" is a novel written by Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade, a French writer and philosopher known for his provocative and controversial works. The novel was first published in 1791 and is considered one of de Sade's most famous and infamous writings.The story revolves around the eponymous character, Justine, who embodies the virtues of purity, innocence, and moral rectitude. Despite her virtuous nature, she faces a series of misfortunes, including sexual exploitation, violence, and degradation. The novel explores the contrast between Justine's unwavering commitment to morality and the corrupt and depraved world she encounters."Justine" is a vivid and explicit narrative that challenges societal norms and questions the consequences of virtue in a world dominated by vice. It is a critique of the hypocrisy and cruelty of the society in which Justine lives and reflects de Sade's libertine philosophy.The novel is known for its explicit and controversial content, which includes themes of sexual sadism and violence. While "Justine" continues to generate debate and discussion, it also serves as a significant work in the history of literature, exploring the boundaries of morality and the darker aspects of human nature.Keywords: Marquis de Sade, "Justine, or The Misfortunes of Virtue," virtue, morality, sexual exploitation, violence, depravity, libertine philosophy, controversial literature.

"Jennie Gerhardt" is a novel written by the American author Theodore Dreiser. Published in 1911, this novel is a significant work in Dreiser's literary career and is known for its exploration of social class, morality, and individual choices.The story revolves around the titular character, Jennie Gerhardt, a young woman from a modest background who navigates the complexities of society. The novel explores her relationships with two men from different social classes, Senator Brander and Lester Kane, and the moral and societal challenges she faces as she attempts to secure her future and that of her family.Dreiser's narrative provides a nuanced examination of the consequences of social expectations and individual desires. The novel delves into themes such as the American Dream, the impact of wealth and status on personal relationships, and the moral judgments imposed by society."Jennie Gerhardt" is often regarded as a realist novel, as Dreiser's writing vividly depicts the social and economic realities of the time. It offers a thought-provoking commentary on the moral dilemmas faced by individuals striving for success and happiness in a complex and unforgiving world.Keywords: Theodore Dreiser, "Jennie Gerhardt," social class, morality, American Dream, relationships, societal expectations, realism, economic realities.

"François le Bossu" is a historical novel written by the French author Sophie Rostopchine, Comtesse de Ségur. The novel's title translates to "François the Hunchback" in English.The story is set in France during the reign of Louis XIV and follows the life of François, a young boy who is born with a hunchback. Despite his physical deformity, François possesses a kind heart and a strong spirit. The novel explores themes of resilience, inner strength, and the importance of one's character over physical appearance.As François grows, he faces various challenges and obstacles, including the cruelty of some people who judge him solely based on his hunchback. However, he also encounters individuals who recognize his inner beauty and appreciate his kindness.Comtesse de Ségur was known for her works of children's literature, and "François le Bossu" is one of her novels that imparts valuable moral lessons to young readers. The story emphasizes the importance of empathy, acceptance, and the idea that true beauty lies within a person's character.The novel is part of Comtesse de Ségur's broader body of work, which often featured themes of morality and virtue. Her stories have had a lasting impact on children's literature and continue to be enjoyed by readers of all ages.In summary, "François le Bossu" by Comtesse de Ségur is a historical novel that tells the story of François, a young boy with a hunchback, and conveys important moral lessons about the significance of one's character and kindness. It is a timeless work of children's literature that continues to resonate with readers.

"Human Nature and Conduct" is a seminal work by the American philosopher and psychologist John Dewey, published in 1922. This book is a profound exploration of the intricate relationship between human nature and human behavior, reflecting Dewey's influential contributions to the fields of philosophy and psychology.Dewey's central premise is that human conduct is not solely determined by inherent, fixed traits but is profoundly shaped by the ongoing interaction between an individual's innate tendencies and their social and environmental context. He emphasizes the dynamic nature of human behavior and the impact of social influences in shaping individual actions.Dewey's work challenges rigid notions of human nature and highlights the flexibility and adaptability of human behavior in response to various situations and stimuli. He argues that individuals are not passive products of their genetic makeup but active agents who engage with and respond to their surroundings.Throughout "Human Nature and Conduct," Dewey explores the role of habit, culture, and education in molding human conduct. He argues that habits are the bridge between human nature and conduct, as they encapsulate an individual's past experiences and responses. Culture and education, according to Dewey, play crucial roles in shaping these habits and, consequently, human behavior.Dewey's philosophical and psychological insights extend to ethics and morality. He contends that ethical behavior arises from a sense of responsibility within a social context, where individuals are mindful of the consequences of their actions on the broader community. This perspective challenges traditional, rigid ethical frameworks and supports a more pragmatic and context-sensitive approach.In summary, "Human Nature and Conduct" by John Dewey is a profound exploration of the dynamic relationship between human nature and behavior. Dewey's work challenges fixed notions of human nature, highlighting the influence of social and environmental factors. It underscores the adaptability and responsiveness of individuals in shaping their own conduct. Dewey's insights extend to ethics and education, promoting a more flexible and context-sensitive approach to understanding human behavior and morality.

Élie Faure's work titled "Histoire de l¿Art Tome I : L¿Art Antique" can be translated to "History of Art Volume I: Ancient Art" in English.This volume is the first part of a comprehensive series on the history of art. In "L¿Art Antique," Faure focuses on the art and artistic achievements of ancient civilizations. This includes the art of ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt, and other early cultures.Throughout the book, Faure provides a detailed examination of the artistic traditions, techniques, and styles of these ancient civilizations. He explores the significance of various art forms, such as sculpture, architecture, and painting, and their cultural and historical contexts. Additionally, Faure offers insights into the evolution of art within these societies and how it reflects the values and beliefs of their times.Elie Faure's "Histoire de l¿Art" series is highly regarded for its passionate and poetic approach to art history. Faure was not just a historian but also an art critic who aimed to convey the emotional and spiritual impact of art.In "L¿Art Antique," the focus on ancient art provides readers with a deep appreciation for the artistic achievements of early civilizations and their enduring influence on the world of art.In summary, "Histoire de l¿Art Tome I : L¿Art Antique" by Élie Faure is the first volume of a comprehensive history of art, focusing on the art of ancient civilizations. It offers an in-depth exploration of the art, culture, and historical context of these early societies and their artistic achievements.

"Intentions" is a collection of essays and dialogues written by the Irish playwright and author Oscar Wilde. First published in 1891, this work reflects Wilde's thoughts on various aspects of art, criticism, and aesthetics, and it plays a significant role in shaping his aesthetic philosophy.Wilde argues that art should exist for its own sake rather than having a moral or didactic purpose. He champions the idea that art and beauty should not be constrained by utilitarian concerns. In one of the essays, "The Critic as Artist," Wilde explores the dynamic relationship between the artist, the critic, and the public. He suggests that the critic, rather than merely interpreting art, has a creative role in understanding and reshaping it.The collection contains several other essays, including "The Decay of Lying," where Wilde famously champions the notion that "Life imitates Art far more than Art imitates Life." He challenges conventional ideas about realism in art and advocates for a more imaginative and idealized representation of life.Wilde's wit and paradoxical thinking are prominent throughout "Intentions," making it not only a collection of aesthetic principles but also a delightful exploration of the relationships between art and society. These essays were highly influential in the late 19th century and continue to be studied for their insights into aesthetics, art, and the creative process.In summary, "Intentions" by Oscar Wilde is a collection of essays and dialogues that expound Wilde's aesthetic philosophy, emphasizing the importance of art for art's sake and the creative role of the critic. It challenges conventional notions of realism in art and explores the interplay between art and life. Wilde's eloquent and paradoxical writing style adds a layer of intellectual and literary richness to the collection.

Existe-t-il en France, ou même dans le monde entier, une ville qui, relativement à sa population, puisse s'enorgueillir d'avoir enfanté autant de célébrités que Saint-Malo? Quelle pépinière, quelle pléiade d'illustrations dans tous les genres! Ses seuls marins fameux, on en pourrait compter cent, non compris les Jacques Cartier, les Porée, les Duguay-Trouin, Mahé de la Bourdonnais, les Surcouf, les de Coisy, et, comme dit leur excellent biographe, M. Ch. Cunat: «Tous donnèrent plus d'une fois sujet aux ennemis de la France de leur appliquer ce mot de Philippe, roi d'Espagne, en parlant de Turenne: Voilà un homme qui m'a fait passer de bien mauvaises nuits.»Mais à ces beaux noms, consignés au premier rang dans les fastes de notre histoire nationale, ne se borne pas la liste des grands hommes qui ont honoré Saint-Malo par leur bravoure à toute épreuve ou leurs vastes talents. Des philanthropes, comme Jacques Vincent, seigneur de Gournay, Alain Magon de la Gervesais, Pierre de la Haye; des savants, comme Nicolas Trublet, le P. Alain de Large, le physicien Maupertuis, l'érudit Joachim Porée, l'historien Nicolas Frottet, le médecin Broussais; des administrateurs comme Pierre-Louis Boursaint, Féron de la Féronnays; des poètes comme François-Marie Lescaut, Marie-Jeanne Bougourd (l'auteur de la Jeune Mère), Michel de la Morvonnais et l'immortel Chateaubriand; des philosophes comme Offroy de Lamettrie ut Robert de Lamennais, vingt autres enfin, renommés dans les sciences, les arts et les lettres, viennent encore enrichir le catalogue des glorieuses, personnalités auxquelles la cité malouine servit de berceau.

"Pierre Loti" is a pseudonym for the French novelist and naval officer Louis-Marie-Julien Viaud. He is known for his travel literature and novels based on his experiences as a naval officer in various parts of the world. "Fantôme d'Orient" translates to "Ghost of the Orient."In "Fantôme d'Orient," Loti recounts his experiences during his travels to the Middle East, particularly in Istanbul, Turkey, and the surrounding regions. The book is a blend of travelogue, personal reflection, and vivid descriptions of the people, cultures, and landscapes he encountered. Loti often provides a romanticized and exoticized view of the Orient, typical of the Orientalist literature of his time.Pierre Loti's writings are characterized by their evocative and poetic prose. He immerses readers in the sensory and emotional experiences of his travels. His works were popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and contributed to the fascination with the East in European literature and culture."Fantôme d'Orient" is part of Pierre Loti's broader body of work, which includes novels, essays, and travel writings inspired by his naval adventures. His literary contributions have left a lasting impact on French literature and continue to be studied and appreciated for their vivid descriptions and explorations of cultural themes.In summary, "Fantôme d'Orient" by Pierre Loti is a travelogue that captures the author's experiences in the Middle East, particularly in Istanbul, and provides a romanticized view of the Orient, characteristic of the literature of his era. It is an engaging exploration of the cultures and landscapes of the region.

"Le Plus Bel Amour de Don Juan" est un roman de l'écrivain français Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly, publié en 1857. Ce roman explore les thèmes de la passion, de la séduction et du désir à travers le personnage de Don Juan. L'¿uvre propose une réinterprétation du mythe de Don Juan, mettant en avant le protagoniste charismatique et immoral.L'intrigue se déroule en Espagne et suit les aventures de Don Juan, un séducteur invétéré, qui poursuit une quête insatiable de conquêtes amoureuses. Le roman est narré par le fidèle serviteur de Don Juan, Raphaël, qui est témoin des escapades amoureuses de son maître.Barbey d'Aurevilly explore les thèmes de la passion, de l'amour interdit et de la transgression des normes sociales à travers le personnage de Don Juan. Le récit offre une réflexion sur les désirs humains, les conséquences de la poursuite de la jouissance et les limites morales.La plume de l'auteur est élégante et poétique, créant une atmosphère envoûtante qui accompagne le lecteur dans les méandres de la psyché de Don Juan. L'¿uvre est également influencée par le courant romantique de l'époque."Le Plus Bel Amour de Don Juan" est une ¿uvre littéraire qui revisite le mythe de Don Juan et offre une réflexion profonde sur les aspects les plus sombres de la nature humaine. Si vous êtes intéressé par les romans romantiques et philosophiques du XIXe siècle, cette ¿uvre de Barbey d'Aurevilly pourrait vous offrir une lecture captivante.

"Le Piège aux Maris" de Marie de Solms est un roman du XIXe siècle qui s'inscrit dans la tradition du roman-feuilleton, un genre populaire de l'époque. L'¿uvre aborde des thèmes liés aux intrigues amoureuses et aux mariages arrangés.L'intrigue de "Le Piège aux Maris" tourne autour des relations amoureuses et des mariages de convenance au sein de la haute société française. L'auteure explore les complots, les tromperies et les jeux de séduction qui ont cours dans ce milieu social, mettant en lumière les stratégies utilisées par certaines femmes pour échapper à des unions non désirées.Marie de Solms, avec sa plume subtile, offre une peinture de la société de l'époque et des rôles assignés aux femmes. Elle met en scène des héroïnes déterminées à contrôler leur destin amoureux, malgré les pressions sociales et familiales.Ce roman, typique du XIXe siècle, peut être considéré comme une réflexion sur les enjeux du mariage et de l'amour à une époque où les conventions sociales étaient prédominantes. Si vous êtes intéressé par les romans de cette période qui explorent les questions de genre et de mariage, "Le Piège aux Maris" pourrait être une lecture intrigante.

Guillaume-Victor-Émile Augier, né le 17 septembre 1820 à Valence et mort le 25 octobre 1889 à Croissy-sur-Seine, est un poète et dramaturge français. Le post-scriptum est une comédie en un acte écrit en 1869.Monsieur de Lancy va signifier son congé à sa locataire, Madame de Verlière, sous le coup d'un récent veuvage. Seulement, il a une autre idée en tête, celle de louer les lieux à la future Madame de Lancy (qui ne sera autre qu'elle même lorsqu'il l'aura épousée ! ). Refroidissant ses ardeurs, la dame lui fait savoir qu'elle attend un certain Monsieur de Mauléon.