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A Dictionary and Glossary of the Koran, first published in 1873, is a reference guide for anyone wishing to better understand the grammar and language of the Muslim holy book. It contains detailed entries on parts of speech and the meanings of words, much of which was hard to decipher because, as the author points out, the Koran was originally written without vowel points. The author also emphasizes that rather than grammar rules being applied to this authoritative text, it in fact influenced Arabic grammar rules. This dictionary is perfect for students of the Koran and Arabic literature who wish to better understand the book, and who are interested in studying how the Koran is applied to other areas of Muslim culture.Little is known about author JOHN PENRICE except that he is the author of A Dictionary and Glossary of the Koran.

The Afghan Wars, written by Archibald Forbes in 1892, is a British account of two Anglo-Afghan wars, fought between British India and Afghanistan; the first war took place from 1839-1842, and and the second from 1878-1880. Though history dictates the conclusion of both British invasions (in which neither side really wins the wars and the Britons retreat twice, but still accomplish their objectives), Forbes' account is saturated with details of the occupations and soldiers' experiences, while still conveying the overall experience and outcome of each war. It also includes illustrations of important figures and war plans which complement Forbes' descriptions. This work is perfect for students of British and Middle Eastern military history.ARCHIBALD FORBES (1838-1900) was a British war correspondent born in Morayshire, Scotland. He attended the University of Aberdeen before entering the Royal Dragoons as a private. He was injured and released from his regiment; he was working as a journalist in London when the Franco-Prussian War began in 1870 and he was drafted to the front lines as a correspondent. He became a representative for the Daily News which publicized his work in intelligence transmission. After the war, he traveled to Spain, India, Serbia, Cyprus, and South Africa, working for the Daily News and reporting on various wars and campaigns. Forbes also authored several books, including an autobiography, about his experiences.

Sir John Chardin's Travels in Persia is an abridged translation of the original French edition, which describes in great detail the people, places, politics, governments, and culture John Chardin encountered during his many years of travel in the Near East. It was originally published in full in 1711 under the title Voyages de monsieur le chevalier Chardin en Perse, et autres lieux de l'Orient, or The Travels of Sir John Chardin in Persia and the Orient. It is considered an authority among academics; Persian scholar John Emerson said, "[Chardin's] information on Safavid Persia outranks that of all other Western writers in range, depth, accuracy, and judiciousness." The complete works have never been translated in English, though there are many editions. This volume contains the hard-to-find original 1720 translation, presented in two parts.SIR JOHN CHARDIN (1643-1713), also known as Jean Chardin, was a French jeweler and traveler who authored the ten-volume book The Travels of Sir John Chardin, one of the most well-regarded early scholarly works on the Near East and Persia by a Westerner. Chardin was trained to be a jeweler like his father, but instead set out with a fellow merchant for Persia and India in 1664 at the ripe age of 21. He spent most of his time traveling in Persia from 1664-1673, before finally settling in England to escape the French prosecution of Protestants in 1681. It was there that he published the first part of The Travels of Sir John Chardin in 1686, which was presented in full in Amsterdam in 1711, two years before his death.

The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan is a Sufi text, a sub-sector of Islamic teaching. It is one of a series of short essays on spirituality from Sufi teacher Hazrat Inayat Khan, who journeyed from India to spread his message of love and spiritual liberty to the West. The essay describes the Sufi ideas of God, nature, truth, and love, among others, as well as a beginners guide to Sufism. This work is ideal for anyone interested in world religions, learning about Sufi beliefs, or studying the spread of Sufism in the 20th century.HAZRAT INAYAT KHAN (1882-1927) was a Sufi teacher and writer who founded the "Sufi Order in the West" in London in 1914. Born into a Muslim-Indian noble family, he was initiated into several Sufi orders before leaving India in 1910 as a traveling musician at the encouragement of his sheik. Once arriving in the West, Khan turned from music to spreading Sufi thought and practice throughout three continents. He returned to India in 1926 to choose a site for his burial. Today, he is remembered for his call to man to awake to "Truth of Divine Guidance and Love," which is resonant in his many works on Universal Sufism.

Originally published in 1890 and translated from "the works of the medieval Arab geographers," Palestine under the Moslems is a collection of historical and geographical Islamic writings on Syria and Palestine. Palestine is known as the Holy Land with a religious focus on both Judaism and Christianity, but it also holds a position of high importance in Islam, which these writings demonstrate. Presented in two parts, Part I contains translations of Arabic and Persian works that date back to A.D. 650-1500, as well as notes and observations from the editor, while Part II includes an alphabetical geographical dictionary and references to relevant Islamic sources.GUY LE STRANGE (1854-1933) was born in Hunstanton, Norfolk, England, as the youngest son of Henry L'Estrange Styleman. He studied Arabic and Persian at the College de France in Paris, after which he spent many years traveling and living abroad in Persia, Florence, and Palestine. He settled in Cambridge in 1907, where he contributed to The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, of which he was a member until his death. Le Strange was the editor and translator of several well-known books on the Middle East and Islam, establishing him as one of the most recognized historical geographers of medieval Islam to write in English.

Travels in Arabia Deserta, originally published in 1888, is a two-volume set which describes English poet Charles Doughty's extensive travels through the Arabian deserts and the discoveries he made there. The work became well-regarded for its beautiful prose as well as its extensiveness, which made it a benchmark of ambitious travel writing in the early 20th century. Written in the style of the King James Bible, the text is extravagant and creative. In the 1920's, it was discovered by British Army Officer T.E. Lawrence, who spurred the book's republication, this time with an introduction from Lawrence. The book has been in and out of print since then, but the Cosimo edition is a rare 1921 reprint, and includes the Lawrence introduction.Volume II contains Doughty's travels to Ibn Rashîd's town (and the people and culture there), life in Hayîl, the journey to Kheybar and his discoveries and encounters there, the Shammar and Harb Deserts in Nejd, the Journey to El-Kasîm, and more.CHARLES MONTAGU DOUGHTY (1843-1926) was an English poet and writer born in Theberton Hall, Saxmundham, Suffolk. He attended King's College London and graduated from Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge in 1864. Among this author's works are an epic poem in six volumes titled The Dawn in Britain, published in 1906, and his well-known Travels in Arabia Deserta, for which he received much praise.

In this classic work, first published in 1899, one of the most prolific Egyptologists of the Victorian era offers his renowned insight into the magical power names, spells, and talismans held for the ancient Egyptians. How did beliefs that predated the worship of deities come to become associated with controlling gods and goddesses? How did magical amulets ward off evil spirits? What role did scarabs serve in bestowing immortality?The writings of Sir Ernest A. Wallis Budge are considered somewhat controversial today because of his use of an archaic system of translation, but useful illustrations and an abundance of information make them necessary works for students of ancient civilizations as well as those of the evolution of historical study. This entertaining overview of the connection between religion and magic in ancient Egypt remain a vital resource today.SIR ERNEST ALFRED THOMPSON WALLIS BUDGE (1857-1934) was born in Bodmin, Cornwall in the UK and discovered an interest in languages at a very early age. Budge spent all his free time learning and discovering Semitic languages, including Assyrian, Syriac, and Hebrew. Eventually, through a close contact, he was able to acquire a job working with Egyptian and Iraqi artifacts at the British Museum. Budge excavated and deciphered numerous cuneiform and hieroglyphic documents, contributing vastly to the museum's collection. Eventually, he became the Keeper of his department, specializing in Egyptology. Budge wrote many books during his lifetime, most specializing in Egyptian life, religion, and language.

A prolific Victorian Egyptologist explores, in this classic book first published in 1899, the position of Ra, Osiris, Set, and Isis among the diverse pantheon of numerous deities of ancient Egypt, as well as their domination of the collective imagination of this sophisticated civilization. Hymns from The Book of the Dead illustrate the beliefs of the Egyptian peoples regarding the afterlife, judgment after death, resurrection, and immortality.The writings of E.A. Wallis Budge are considered somewhat controversial today because of his use of an archaic system of translation, but useful illustrations and an abundance of information make them necessary resources for students of the ancient world as well as those of the evolution of historical study. Conveying the beauty and power of the religion of ancient Egypt, this fascinating book remains an important work today.SIR ERNEST ALFRED THOMPSON WALLIS BUDGE (1857-1934) was born in Bodmin, Cornwall in the UK and discovered an interest in languages at a very early age. Budge spent all his free time learning and discovering Semitic languages, including Assyrian, Syriac, and Hebrew. Eventually, through a close contact, he was able to acquire a job working with Egyptian and Iraqi artifacts at the British Museum. Budge excavated and deciphered numerous cuneiform and hieroglyphic documents, contributing vastly to the museum's collection. Eventually, he became the Keeper of his department, specializing in Egyptology. Budge wrote many books during his lifetime, most specializing in Egyptian life, religion, and language.

A pioneering work of cultural anthropology, E.W. Lane's study of Egyptian society has not been out of print since it was first issued in 1836. Immersing himself in Egyptian culture, Lane learned the Arabic language and adopted the Arab way of life. Written before the forces of innovation transformed Egypt, Manners & Customs of the Modern Egyptians is recognized for its wide-ranging scope of detail on daily life topics such as the nature of Islamic laws and its relation to government, birth and marriage customs, death and funeral rites, music and dancing, and the world of magic and alchemy. This distinctive work retains its power to charm and fascinate contemporary readers.EDWARD WILLIAM LANE (1801-1876) was a British translator, lexicographer, and Orientalist. Instead of studying at college as a young man, Lane moved to London with his brother to study engraving, at which time he also began to study Arabic. When his health began failing, he moved to Egypt for a change of atmosphere and to continue his studies. While in Egypt, Lane began to study ancient Egypt, but soon became more entranced by modern customs and society. He relied on Egyptian men to help him gather information, especially on the topic of Egyptian women, on which he wrote many books. Lane also translated One Thousand and One Nights, though his greatest work remains The Arabic-English Lexicon.

"The Koran" is the holy book of Islam, considered by Muslims to be the divine word of God and a spiritual guide for living. It is said that God revealed the Koran to Muhammad, the last great Muslim prophet and God's messenger, through the angel Jibril (or Gabriel). One day when Muhammad was 40 and meditating in a cave during Ramadan, he received his first revelation; these continued until his death in 632 CE.Three years after the first revelation, Muhammad began preaching total surrender to God as the only acceptable path. Muhammad's followers recorded and memorized his teachings, eventually compiling them into one complete text after his death to form the Koran. The Koran is seen as proof of Muhammad's prophethood and contains instructions for how to live, recounts of historical events, and parables and moral lessons. This edition contains an Introduction and Preface, as well as a detailed Index.JOHN MEDOWS RODWELL (1808-1900)was an English non-muslim Islamic scholar who translated the Qu'ran (transliterated Koran) in 1961 using a chronological method to sort verses. While the text is not considered the most accurate compared to more modern translations, it was extremely popular in its time, and was used in the 1962 movie Lawrence of Arabia.

Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, or Deaths of Eminent Men and History of the Sons of the Epoch, was the noted Arabic scholar Ibn Khallikan's most well-known and respected work. The author worked on the tome from 1256 to 1274, compiling names, genealogies, and histories of prominent or conspicuous men in the Islamic world.The final work was translated into English by William Mac Guckin de Slane and is longer than 2,700 pages. It has been quoted by many Arabic rhetoricians and grammarians in other works, as it is considered one of the most important records of Arabic history ever written. Here, separated into four volumes, the Biographical Dictionary is an essential work for any student of Muslim culture and literature.Volume I includes: An Introduction by Mac Guckin de Slane; the Preface by the author; passages in the original Arabic; a detailed index of all biographies; notes from the translator for each biography; and genealogies of hundreds of Muslim figures, including Osama Ibn Murshid, Jaafar the Barmekide, Muhammad Ibn Habib, and Shawar.IBN KHALLIKAN (1211-1282) was a thirteenth century Arabic scholar who studied in Damascus, Mosul and Aleppo, specializing in the fields of language, theology, and law, including jurisprudence. He became a well-respected judge in Cairo, eventually becoming a chief judge in Damascus in 1261. Khallikan wrote several books, but his most well known was Deaths of Eminent Men and History of the Sons of the Epoch, often referred to as the "Biographical Dictionary," which took him almost 20 years to complete. Khallikan retired from his position as judge just before his death in 1282. He was one of the most well-known historians and theologians in Egypt.

The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, originally published by Cambridge University Press in 1905, is an anthology of geographical and historical works on Mesopotamia, Persia, and the surrounding areas of Central Asia by medieval Arab, Persian, and Turkish Muslim geographers. The translated works begin with writings from A.D. 864, and conclude with works from the early seventeenth century. While not an exhaustive geographical history, the description of each province includes information on manufacture and trade, towns, roads, bodies of water, and other topical areas of interest. There are also maps of several provinces as well as an extensive index. The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate is a complementary work to Baghdad under the Abbasid Caliphate, and includes some records from Palestine under the Moslems, making this work ideal for any student of Le Strange's translations.GUY LE STRANGE (1854-1933) was born in Hunstanton, Norfolk, England, as the youngest son of Henry L'Estrange Styleman. He studied Arabic and Persian at the College de France in Paris, after which he spent many years traveling and living abroad in Persia, Florence, and Palestine. He settled in Cambridge in 1907, where he contributed to The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, of which he was a member until his death. Le Strange was the editor and translator of several well-known books on the Middle East and Islam, establishing him as one of the most recognized historical geographers of medieval Islam to write in English.