Böcker utgivna av Bloomsbury Academic

This book provides a penetrating look into Franklin D. Roosevelt's strategy to bait Adolf Hitler into declaring war on America in order to defeat Germany militarily, thus preventing the Nazis from developing the atomic bomb. In late 1939, President Roosevelt learned that Hitler was attempting to develop an atomic bomb to use against the United States. The president responded by directing his own scientific community to develop an atomic bomb and began making plans to go to war with Germany. However, he was hampered by public opinion, with 80 percent of the American people against U.S. involvement in another ground war in Europe. Roosevelt seized an opportunity in 1940, when Japan and Nazi Germany formed a military alliance. To bait Germany into war, FDR shut down Japan's war-making economy, prompting Tokyo to attack Pearl Harbor. A few days later, Hitler declared war on America. Using declassified documents, this book shows how Pearl Harbor was not about Japan; it was about the United States going to war with Germany. It reveals how the U.S. Navy's intelligence gathering system could break virtually any Japanese naval code, but Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, the commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, was kept in the dark about the impending Pearl Harbor attack by his own government.

Develops a new psychoanalytic theory of genius, a concept that is often invoked and pervasive in popular culture but which is rarely scrutinized in depth. In the absence of this scrutiny, genius has come to be understood as exceptional talent or intelligence-an elitist notion. Genius After Psychoanalysis intervenes in this debate by offering a new account of genius. Drawing on the work of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan, K. Daniel Cho argues that genius is not exceptional talent or intelligence but is related to and illuminated by the psychological concept of sublimation, where the unpleasures that arise when our intellectual products fail become themselves pleasurable. Beginning with a close examination of Freud's work on Leonardo da Vinci, Cho analyzes film, art, our relationship to nature, politics, group psychology, love, and philosophy to demonstrate that genius, far from an elitist notion, is universally available through a different approach to ideas of imperfection, disappointment, and failure. Genius After Psychoanalysis is a bold new intervention on a culturally central but understudied topic.

Saturday Night Fever is simultaneously one the biggest-selling albums of all time and one of the most reviled. How can a record create such a polarizing reaction? Australian writer Clinton Walker attempts to answer that question and finds that, among other things, a certain seemingly unlikely Australianness is part of the reason. Fever was a supernova for disco, for the Bee Gees, for the domineering Robert Stigwood, producer of the film and is its true auteur, and for the entire record business. This book traces all the interdependent convolutions that fed into the film and its music - not least the Australian roots that Stigwood and Gibb brothers shared, which gave them an Otherness and almost gormless, shape-shifting self-determination - and it finds that sometimes great art can be made by a committee ... that sometimes, five songs are enough to change the world.

Until the late 2000s, audio cassettes appeared to be on the brink of extinction. While growing sales numbers for cassette tapes in Western countries since the start of the 2010s have led mass media outlets to declare a general revival of the cassettes, they have been in continuous use in niche DIY music scenes associated with genres such as punk, noise and hip hop since their introduction in the 1960s. Contrary to the popular notion of the cassette tape being a mere addition to the nostalgia-driven 21st-century revival of vinyl records and analogue audio gear in general, the ongoing use of cassette tapes is based on a multitude of complex cultural, economic and material factors that shape it as a hybrid material artefact of current music practices. This book explores how the cassette tapes' significance as a material tool for expression and social connection perseveres in the 21st-century. Drawing on interviews with 85 experts in DIY music cultures as independent record shop operators, musicians, event promoters, fans and collectors across Japan, Australia and the United States, Cassette Tape explores ongoing phenomena that represent complex forms of cassette tapes' appropriation.

Discover the science, cultural history, and environmental importance of our planet's oceans. The second edition of this award-winning encyclopedia has been updated throughout and includes more than 20 additional entries and highlights timely concerns, including overfishing and microplastics, while also providing expanded coverage of the role oceans play in modern society, from cruise ships to the America's Cup competition. Part I of the book features a collection of 10 thematic essays, covering the five oceans of the world and broad areas of study such as the shipping industry and the changing nature of ocean boundaries. Part II includes more than 115 encyclopedia entries exploring topics ranging from the Bermuda Triangle to maritime law, from tsunamis to ocean acidification. Sidebars throughout offer fascinating facts that complement the main text. The oceans of the world are the lifeblood of our planet. They act as a climate regulator, absorbing heat and influencing weather patterns. The oceans teem with a vast and mostly unexplored diversity of life, providing us with food and medicine. Historically, oceans have been the highways of exploration and trade, connecting continents and fostering cultural exchange. From ancient Polynesian voyagers to modern shipping lanes, societies have relied on the oceans for transportation and resources. Yet, despite their vastness and importance, the world's oceans face numerous threats, including the effects of climate change, pollution, and exploitation of their bounty.

Through the analysis of 10 oral witness testimonies of local residents and a previously undocumented letter correspondence between a Jewish Holocaust survivor and her gentile friend, The Jewish Purging of a Small German Town provides new insights into how the Nazi persecution of the Jewish people unfolded in small towns and communities around Germany. Incorporating her own personal reflections on growing up in Salmünster, Maria R. Boes uncovers the truth about the Jewish residents who lived there and what happened to them after the Nazis came to power in 1933 - a story which has been silenced and suppressed. Boes charts the town's unsettling trajectory from aharmonious pre-Nazi local community to an environment where, after initial protracted local resistance, Jewish persecution escalated from the boycotting of stores to physical, fiscal and emotional acts against Jewish residents. The book reveals how this culminated in Jewish residents being purged from the town by 1937 without any paramilitary intervention or outside physical force, prior to the 1938 Kristallnacht and long before similar ousters occurred in big cities throughout the country. It also shows how Salmünster, like other neighbouring towns, continued to deny the rightful historical belonging of its Jewish residents long after the war was over and the Nazis had been defeated. This microhistory is an illuminating study of the momentous spectre of Germany's small towns being at the forefront of successfully fulfilling Nazi aims to remove Jewish residents - driving them out of their homes with the ultimate goal of driving them out of existence.

Winner of the Bloomsbury and World History Association Diversity in World History First Monograph Prize Exploring the history of prostitution in Cape Town from 1868 to 1957, this book charts the transformation of the sex trade from societal and legal toleration to criminalization and abolition. Showing how this transformation to Cape Town's commercial sex industry did not solely occur in a vacuum, but also affected the Western Cape and southern Africa, Gonzalez-Stout shows how regional, international and imperial forces shaped the sex economy in a region undergoing colonization, warfare, racial stratification, urbanization and apartheid. Illuminating socially constructed ideas on morality that shaped the sex trade in Cape Town, this book shows how the selling of sex proved to be a vigorous economic force that remained tethered to racial and gender norms that defined moral boundaries. Feared and watched by government officials, women's organization, moral reformers, medical professionals, law enforcement and concerned citizens, it was also a commodified and contentious arena. Arguing that sexual anxieties were ultimately racial anxieties, Prostitution and Carnal Vigilance in Cape Town shows how this transformation was sustained by white supremacy and nationalism against a backdrop of wider exclusionary and segregationist measures, while marginalized sex workers continued to demonstrate resistance and agency in the face of moral policing and increasing surveillance.

Examines America's experience with a wide range of quarantine practices over the past 400 years and the political, economic, immigration, and public health considerations that have prompted success or failure within the evolving role of public health. The novel strain of coronavirus that emerged in late 2019 and became a worldwide pandemic in 2020 is only one of more than 87 new or emerging pathogens discovered since 1980 that have posed a risk to public health. While many may consider quarantine an antiquated practice, it is often one of the only defenses against new and dangerous communicable diseases. Tracing the United States' quarantine practices through the colonial, postcolonial, and modern eras, Germs at Bay provides an eye-opening look at how quarantine has worked despite routine dismissal of its value. This book is for anyone seeking to understand the challenges of controlling the spread of COVID-19 and helps readers internalize the lessons learned from the pandemic. Few titles provide this level of primary source data on the United States' long reliance on quarantine practices and the political, social, and economic factors that have influenced them.

Better strategic decisions lead to higher customer acceptance, improved user satisfaction, and measurable business results. Using proven processes, frameworks, and tools, this book is a powerful resource for executives, business owners, and professionals looking to improve delivery of benefits from technology projects and manage risks. As the power of technology in the business world continues to grow, executive accountability, leadership, and involvement are critical to achieve measurable business benefits from technology investments. The authors look realistically at how technology is chosen, how to evaluate existing technology, and how to deliver value. Themes and topics include building open communication and productive collaboration; organization-wide structure, frameworks and tools for strategic decision-making; and risk management advice.

In order to understand the motivations for and implications of Hillary Clinton's historic run for the White House- and her subsequent defeat-the authors explore sexism and gender bias in U.S. political and social culture. While there is some indication that overt sexism toward women in politics is declining, whether this is true for women who run for the highest office in American politics remains relatively unknown. Hillary Clinton's historic run as the 2016 Democratic nominee, however, allows scholars and journalists to contextualize decades of scholarship on sex, gender, and the American presidency. In Sex and Gender in the 2016 Presidential Election, the authors, all experts on gender in politics, analyze the nature of gender in public opinion, media coverage, social media, and culture during the 2016 presidential election. They assess whether conventional expectations and theories hold up in today's sociopolitical climate. Moreover, they consider how Clinton's foray into relatively uncharted territory might redirect the political field-and its implications for women with political ambitions-going forward.

Uncovering the psychological and sociological reasons for the gender gap in American politics, this fascinating volume explores how such factors influence women and lead to their political beliefs and behaviors. Based on original research with women voters of varying ages around the United States from 2008 to the present, the book delves into differences between voting women and men-and indeed among women themselves. The gender gap, the author argues, exists because women's social identity is tied to their group memberships and gender-role beliefs. Thus, rather than grouping all women into one voting bloc, the book examines how gender identity influences various sub-groups of women. It begins with a discussion of the gender gap in voting preferences throughout history, then goes on to explore the roles of feminism and women's connectedness to their gender group as a primary cause of the gender gap in voting. The remaining chapters discuss how these factors influence women's political engagement, policy positions, and candidate preferences.

This invaluable resource investigates U.S. immigration policy, making connections between the ethnic and religious affiliations of immigrants and trends in immigration, both legal and unauthorized. U.S. Immigration Policy, Ethnicity, and Religion in American History is rich with data and document excerpts that illuminate the complex relationships among ethnicity, religion, and immigration to the United States over a 200-year period. The book uniquely organizes the flow of immigration to the United States into seven chapters covering U.S. immigration policymaking: the Open Door Era, 1820-1880; the Door Ajar Era, 1880-1920; the Pet Door Era, 1920-1950; the Dutch Door Era, 1950-1985; the Revolving Door Era, 1985-2001; and the Storm Door Era, 2001-2018. Each chapter analyzes trends in ethnicity or national origin and the religious affiliations of immigrant groups in relation to immigration policy during the time period covered.

This groundbreaking political exposé scrutinizes the motivations behind the unparalleled attacks on President Barack Obama that attempted to undermine his eligibility to lead the country. The ascendancy of the first Black president was a watershed moment in American history. In response, Obama's adversaries engaged in relentless and systematic mudslinging throughout his campaign and well into his presidency, "othering" him as a foreign and dangerous political figure. Never before has a presidential candidate been so maligned, by so many, in such a variety of ways-and yet won. This provocative study investigates the unrest behind the Obama campaign and election, and the controversial political machine that caused it. Martin A. Parlett, himself a former campaigner for Barack Obama, examines the role identity politics and racialization played in the anti-Obama movement, shows how foreignization is the latest tool for political dissent, and discusses the ways in which Obama successfully used the "outsider" label to his own advantage. The book questions the popular-and often contradictory-notions of Obama as illegitimate, Muslim, Marxist/Communist, socialist, Kenyan, terrorist, and angry African American. Additionally, chapters trace political marginalization and race throughout history from slavery to Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Movement, concluding with the culture of distrust in the American political psyche since the events of September 11, 2001.

The rise of nationalism in the Balkans is viewed as part of a world-historical process of globalization over the last five centuries. Victor Roudometof delves into Balkan history and reveals how the efforts of Balkan states to achieve national homogenization produced interstate rivalry, forced population exchanges, and discrimination against minority groups. Yet, these problems are not confined to the Balkan states alone - Roudometof's multidimensional analysis of Balkan nationalism throughout history serves as a case study, interrogating the long-held belief in globalization as an instrument to resolve ethnic conflict and bring people together.

The end of the Cold War, the invention of the World Wide Web, access to cellphones and the personal computer - the 1990s seemed to be the start of a new era of history. The USA during the 1990s experienced changes that could not have been foreseen by previous generations - the fall of the Soviet Union, the ability to connect with other people like never before with the internet, and the Human Genome Project that led to unprecedented advances in human health. The lives of average Americans were changed forever. This volume in the Daily Life through History series examines how the cultural trends of the 1990s revolutionized how people were able to teach and learn, conduct business, express themselves, and interact with one another. The book goes on to explore the evolution in long-held attitudes about sex, sexuality, and the concept of the family to include other kinds of relationships - childless marriages, single-parent and mixed families, and LGBTQ+ relationships. New trends in fashion and music - from grunge to hip hop culture - also had a powerful impact on how how some Americans presented themselves, while others rejected these cultural shifts and clung fervently to traditional values and worldviews. Daily Life in 1990s America enables readers to better understand the significance, complexities and enduring influence of this era-defining period in American history.

Investigative Journalism in Africa is a window into the murky world of Africa's democratic watchdogs that tells the story of perseverance in the face of ubiquitous threats, imprisonment and harassment through the eyes of ten celebrated African investigative journalisms. The book answers the profound questions of 'why' and 'how' African frontline reporters do the work they do. Also documented are serious challenges facing investigative journalists in Africa. It sheds light on the lives of Africa's best muckrakers, and mostly, it casts new light on the motivations that drive them - against all odds and adversities. Divided into twelve chapters, Albert Ntibinyane first offers a brief history of investigative journalism in Africa, before focusing on behind-the-scenes vignettes chronicling the experiences of ten leading African muckrakers. These brief biographical sketches explore the contexts within which they work but focuses on their daily struggles, hopes and fears. Included are pictures, newspaper cuttings and other illustrations to complement the text.

Imagine a world without sight. Is it dark and gloomy? Is it terrifying and isolating? Or is it simply a state of not seeing, which we have demonised and sentimentalized over the centuries? And why is blindness so frightening? In this fascinating historical adventure, Broadcaster and author Selina Mills takes us on a journey through the history of blindness in Western Culture to discover that blindness is not so dark after all. Inspired by her own experience of losing her sight as she forged a successful journalistic career, Life Unseen takes us through a personal and unsentimental historical quest through the lives, stories and achievements of blind people - as well as those sighted people who sought to patronize, demonize and fix them. From the blind poet Homer, through the myths and moralising of early medieval culture to the scientific and medical discoveries of the Enlightenment and modern times, the story of blindness turns out to be a story of our whole culture.

The most substantial collection of critical essays on Morrison to appear since her death in mid-2019, this book contains previously unpublished essays which both acknowledge the universal significance of her writing even as they map new directions. Essayists include pre-eminent Morrison scholars, as well as scholars who work in cultural criticism, African American letters, American modernism, and women's writing. The book includes work on Morrison as a public intellectual; work which places Morrison's writing within today's currents of contemporary fiction; work which draws together Morrison's "trilogy" of Beloved, Jazz, and Paradise alongside Dos Passos' USA trilogy; work which links Morrison to such Black Atlantic artists as Lubaina Himid and others as well as work which offers a reading of "influence" that goes both directions between Morrison and Faulkner. Another cluster of essays treats seldom-discussed works by Morrison, including an essay on Morrison as writer of children's books and as speaker for children's education. In addition, a "Teaching Morrison" section is designed to help teachers and critics who teach Morrison in undergraduate classes. The Bloomsbury Handbook to Toni Morrison is wide-ranging, provocative, and satisfying; a fitting tribute to one of the greatest American novelists.

The period covered by this volume, roughly 800-1400, considers genocidal massacres and actions within the context of the pre-modern state, a time when the term "genocide" did not yet exist. In considering rhetoric, discrimination, and political and legal marginalization that impacted the lives of particular peoples, the volume takes as its premise that genocidal practices and massacres can occur when social dynamism and political change challenges the identity of a community. The case studies analysed in the individual chapters implicitly or explicitly draw upon the frameworks of comparative genocide scholars to explore genocidal massacres in the Middle Ages as localized phenomenon, even if these isolated outbursts do not graph onto the modern definition of genocide perfectly. Each contribution considers genocide as caused by settling national, religious, and ethnic differences; genocide as designed to enforce or fulfil an ideology; and genocide as designed to colonize. Collectively the essays move beyond the number of people killed to consider the steps taken against a people to erase them from the social and cultural fabric of society. It is hoped that this volume encourages us to think both about the legal structures of genocide but also about how the term can be more inclusive and expansive.

A collection of 23 original newspaper articles that present the variety and depth of Churchill's reflections on the largest questions facing humanity. First published in 1932, this wide-ranging volume of essays touches on cartoons, hobbies, spies, flying, elections, economics and modern science, providing fresh ways of exploring Churchill and his perspectives. Published in the Bloomsbury Revelations series to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Churchill's birth, expertly annotated with a new foreword by Churchill scholar, James W. Muller, this volume is a bridge to Churchill's autobiographical works, falling between My Early Life and The Second World War.

This collection of 25 essays allows fresh ways of exploring Churchill and his perspectives. Great Contemporaries presents Churchill's thoughts on notable figures of his time, including men of state, of letters, and of war; ranging from Lawrence of Arabia to Adolf Hitler, from King George V to Leon Trotsky. In these essays, the reader is taken on a journey along the "stepping-stones of historical narrative" through Churchill's eyes. Published to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Churchill's birth, this volume is a bridge in Churchill's autobiographical works, falling between My Early Life and The Second World War. First published in 1937, this is the most complete edition that includes five additional essays and a reconstruction of underlying source material, expertly edited and annotated by Churchill scholar James W. Muller.

If pictures are worth a thousand words then just how many words, and what kinds of words, might they inspire? What stories would they tell and would they be happy or sad, elegant or savage? Intimate, philosophical and moving, Snapshot features powerful meditations from 30 well-known writers, each of whom draws on a photograph from their personal archive to inspire a short essay. Charged and intimate, these reflections exhibit a range of sensibilities and experiences, offering unique insight into the lives and interests of both established and emerging authors. Expressing a dynamic array of styles, experience, relationships, landscapes, preoccupations, and rituals from such authors as Teju Cole, Celeste Ng, Dinty Moore, Sven Birkerts, Hilton Als, Sonia Livingston, Roxane Gay, Melissa Febos, Deborah Levy and C. N. Lester, this is an album for our life and times.

This successful textbook offers a highly readable text alongside an engaging mix of theory, case studies and pedagogical features. Covering both managerial and strategic elements of the innovation process, the authors utilise the pentathlon framework to improve performance in both service and manufacturing firms. Innovation Management caters for both MBA and undergraduate students alike, as well as offering an essential perspective for postgraduate students and practitioners.

Build an understanding of a country undergoing dramatic and accelerating changes in this new edition of The History of Saudi Arabia. Taking readers from the Saudi Arabia of pre-Islamic times to the present day, this revised edition in the Histories of Modern Nations series examines how the current efforts to transform the Kingdom fits into the long history of the region. The Arabian Peninsula - the birthplace of Islam - has a long heritage of multiple intersecting civilizations. In recent years, major events in Saudi Arabia have left a mark not only within the region itself but also around the world. The country continues to undergo significant developments, as the government, led by Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman, aims to end its reliance on fossil fuels and build a dynamic society, without bringing into question its authoritarian political system, national security structure, and absolute monarchy. Bring your knowledge up to date with revised information, based on new findings and historiography, on the political, military, religious, economic, and diplomatic history of the country. In addition, this book discusses events such as: - The rise of Muhammad bin Salman - known as MBS - as the new crown prince under his father King Salman, who took the throne in 2015- Vision 2030, a set of reforms designed to create a revived society, a robust economy, and a more vital national state- The Saudi intervention in Yemen as part of the new King's foreign policy- Goals to diversity the economy from oil to tourism and biotechnology- Reforms impacting the status of women and the roles of the religious police

This edited collection considers The Nightmare Before Christmas as a milestone in animation and film history, considering the different layers of meaning and history of the film from pre-production to the present day. The Nightmare Before Christmas (Henry Selick, 1993) has become a key point of reference in negotiations of genre and the boundaries between mainstream and cult cultures, both on screen and in the spaces of fandom, and in original and retrospective reception contexts where it often becomes tangled with nostalgia. Contributors to this edited collection consider the film as a cultural object with significant impact on animation, representations of family and horror, and fandom and subcultures. Covering topics including representations of fairy tales, Christmas media, cultural appropriation, family horror, merchandise, theme parks, and food, this work explores the film's ongoing cultural impact.

Arthouse Crime Scenes is the first book to address the relationship between art cinema and crime, contributing to the study of both categories. Case studies are provided of works by celebrated filmmakers including Lucretia Martell, Kleber Mendonça Filho, Bong Joon Ho, Nuri Bilge Ceylan, Hirokazu Koreeda, Jia Zhangke, Andrey Zvyagintsez and Lee Chang-dong. How is crime represented in art cinema? And how can this be understood in the context of global sociopolitical and film-industrial trends? Arthouse crime scenes draw on variable combinations of elements associated with art cinema and crime genres. Crime might be shown or lurk only at the edges. It might be left unresolved or unexplained. Crime can be petty and small scale or raise big questions associated with the arthouse sector: political issues, the nature of humanity, truth and knowability. In this book, close textual analysis is combined with focus on social and industrial contexts. A recurring theme is the situation of arthouse crime films within differing manifestations of broader processes of late-modern neoliberal globalization and cultural hybridity. Approaches examined range from the oblique to social realism and other mixtures of crime and arthouse tendencies.

This book provides a toolkit for unconventional practice-a comprehensive list of unconventional story shapes and the meanings they create, with accompanying case studies, including: one-act structure; two-act structure; passive protagonists; untimely death of the protagonist, and more. Formed from Aristotelian principles and a three-act shape brought to Hollywood by Broadway playwrights after the advent of sync sound, Conventional Monoplot has come to dominate screen storytelling practice throughout the Western world. For the experimental, rule-suspicious, unconventional screenwriter, alternative storytelling models are available. Beyond the Monoplot offers screenwriters and screenwriting students a new way of approaching and quantifying conventional practice, whilst equipping them with the skills and tools to subvert convention and expectation in dynamic and innovative ways. Where the revolutionary New Hollywood period of the '60s and '70s saw strikingly iconoclastic, original, rule-breaking narratives attracting enormous audiences and making indelible cultural imprints, today's most widely seen films stick rigidly to the Conventional Monoplot model. Shaped and solidified by best-selling screenwriting handbooks of the '80s and 90s, this model proved incredibly useful for a rapidly industrialising consumerist approach to screen entertainment, pushing unconventional and innovative storytelling practices to the cultural fringe. Whilst bold, daring films are still made, their impact is muted: Moonlight, despite winning Best Picture, was only the 134th highest grossing film of its year. And whilst great strides are made towards diversity and representation, story shapes remain cloistered within a consumerist and highly conventionalised form, against which this book pushes back.

With this three-volume companion, students can access the full literary and historical significance of the Aeneid in English through an accessible yet authoritative line-by-line commentary. Written by an experienced teacher and expert on the Aeneid, this guide unpicks Virgil's literary techniques, structural forms and historical resonances. Volume 1 gives you a broad introduction to the historical and philosophical background of the epic; to Virgil's life and works; to the central human and divine characters met in the poem; to how the epic reflects Roman society and its values; to Virgil's literary and stylistic techniques; and to the reception of the epic in later periods. A foreword by renowned translator, Shadi Bartsch-Zimmer, reveals what it means to encounter this epic poem in translation. This book also features maps and family trees so you can trace the travels and lineage of the characters. Plus, the general index is a vital reference tool. It can be used with Volumes 2 and 3, or indeed any edition of the Aeneid in Latin or English, as entries are pegged to line numbers. Volumes 2 and 3 present a line-by-line commentary on the poem, with tables and box features illustrating key narrative arcs and structural patterns.

The long 19th century, approximately 1750 to 1918, was one of significant existential change for peoples across the globe. The beginning of this period saw the expansion of empires, and shortly thereafter, the Euro-American Enlightenment brought about calls for revolutions and the "rights of man". The events and ideas made way for empire and the creation of the nation-state. European states primarily concentrated their aggressive colonization in the Global South, bringing mostly white metropolitans and settlers into intimate contact with diverse African, Asian, and American populations. The inherent violence of imperialism eventually ushered in flashpoints of conflict, as well as indentured servitude, racial segregation, ecological destruction, and genocide throughout Europe's overseas empires. While communal destruction functioned as a central element of 19th-century genocides, colonial governments also used other methods to destroy indigenous life, such as forced assimilation, language adoption, religious instruction, and economic subjugation. Memories of these atrocities have since contributed both to systemic violence in subsequent decades, and to education about these events in the hope of genocide prevention. Yet for all of the violence, a spirit of humanitarianism developed alongside these vile actions that tried to reverse the policies of states and help the aggrieved.