Böcker utgivna av Bloomsbury Academic

The end of the Cold War, the invention of the World Wide Web, access to cellphones and the personal computer - the 1990s seemed to be the start of a new era of history. The USA during the 1990s experienced changes that could not have been foreseen by previous generations - the fall of the Soviet Union, the ability to connect with other people like never before with the internet, and the Human Genome Project that led to unprecedented advances in human health. The lives of average Americans were changed forever. This volume in the Daily Life through History series examines how the cultural trends of the 1990s revolutionized how people were able to teach and learn, conduct business, express themselves, and interact with one another. The book goes on to explore the evolution in long-held attitudes about sex, sexuality, and the concept of the family to include other kinds of relationships - childless marriages, single-parent and mixed families, and LGBTQ+ relationships. New trends in fashion and music - from grunge to hip hop culture - also had a powerful impact on how how some Americans presented themselves, while others rejected these cultural shifts and clung fervently to traditional values and worldviews. Daily Life in 1990s America enables readers to better understand the significance, complexities and enduring influence of this era-defining period in American history.

Investigative Journalism in Africa is a window into the murky world of Africa's democratic watchdogs that tells the story of perseverance in the face of ubiquitous threats, imprisonment and harassment through the eyes of ten celebrated African investigative journalisms. The book answers the profound questions of 'why' and 'how' African frontline reporters do the work they do. Also documented are serious challenges facing investigative journalists in Africa. It sheds light on the lives of Africa's best muckrakers, and mostly, it casts new light on the motivations that drive them - against all odds and adversities. Divided into twelve chapters, Albert Ntibinyane first offers a brief history of investigative journalism in Africa, before focusing on behind-the-scenes vignettes chronicling the experiences of ten leading African muckrakers. These brief biographical sketches explore the contexts within which they work but focuses on their daily struggles, hopes and fears. Included are pictures, newspaper cuttings and other illustrations to complement the text.

Imagine a world without sight. Is it dark and gloomy? Is it terrifying and isolating? Or is it simply a state of not seeing, which we have demonised and sentimentalized over the centuries? And why is blindness so frightening? In this fascinating historical adventure, Broadcaster and author Selina Mills takes us on a journey through the history of blindness in Western Culture to discover that blindness is not so dark after all. Inspired by her own experience of losing her sight as she forged a successful journalistic career, Life Unseen takes us through a personal and unsentimental historical quest through the lives, stories and achievements of blind people - as well as those sighted people who sought to patronize, demonize and fix them. From the blind poet Homer, through the myths and moralising of early medieval culture to the scientific and medical discoveries of the Enlightenment and modern times, the story of blindness turns out to be a story of our whole culture.

The most substantial collection of critical essays on Morrison to appear since her death in mid-2019, this book contains previously unpublished essays which both acknowledge the universal significance of her writing even as they map new directions. Essayists include pre-eminent Morrison scholars, as well as scholars who work in cultural criticism, African American letters, American modernism, and women's writing. The book includes work on Morrison as a public intellectual; work which places Morrison's writing within today's currents of contemporary fiction; work which draws together Morrison's "trilogy" of Beloved, Jazz, and Paradise alongside Dos Passos' USA trilogy; work which links Morrison to such Black Atlantic artists as Lubaina Himid and others as well as work which offers a reading of "influence" that goes both directions between Morrison and Faulkner. Another cluster of essays treats seldom-discussed works by Morrison, including an essay on Morrison as writer of children's books and as speaker for children's education. In addition, a "Teaching Morrison" section is designed to help teachers and critics who teach Morrison in undergraduate classes. The Bloomsbury Handbook to Toni Morrison is wide-ranging, provocative, and satisfying; a fitting tribute to one of the greatest American novelists.

The period covered by this volume, roughly 800-1400, considers genocidal massacres and actions within the context of the pre-modern state, a time when the term "genocide" did not yet exist. In considering rhetoric, discrimination, and political and legal marginalization that impacted the lives of particular peoples, the volume takes as its premise that genocidal practices and massacres can occur when social dynamism and political change challenges the identity of a community. The case studies analysed in the individual chapters implicitly or explicitly draw upon the frameworks of comparative genocide scholars to explore genocidal massacres in the Middle Ages as localized phenomenon, even if these isolated outbursts do not graph onto the modern definition of genocide perfectly. Each contribution considers genocide as caused by settling national, religious, and ethnic differences; genocide as designed to enforce or fulfil an ideology; and genocide as designed to colonize. Collectively the essays move beyond the number of people killed to consider the steps taken against a people to erase them from the social and cultural fabric of society. It is hoped that this volume encourages us to think both about the legal structures of genocide but also about how the term can be more inclusive and expansive.

A collection of 23 original newspaper articles that present the variety and depth of Churchill's reflections on the largest questions facing humanity. First published in 1932, this wide-ranging volume of essays touches on cartoons, hobbies, spies, flying, elections, economics and modern science, providing fresh ways of exploring Churchill and his perspectives. Published in the Bloomsbury Revelations series to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Churchill's birth, expertly annotated with a new foreword by Churchill scholar, James W. Muller, this volume is a bridge to Churchill's autobiographical works, falling between My Early Life and The Second World War.

This collection of 25 essays allows fresh ways of exploring Churchill and his perspectives. Great Contemporaries presents Churchill's thoughts on notable figures of his time, including men of state, of letters, and of war; ranging from Lawrence of Arabia to Adolf Hitler, from King George V to Leon Trotsky. In these essays, the reader is taken on a journey along the "stepping-stones of historical narrative" through Churchill's eyes. Published to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Churchill's birth, this volume is a bridge in Churchill's autobiographical works, falling between My Early Life and The Second World War. First published in 1937, this is the most complete edition that includes five additional essays and a reconstruction of underlying source material, expertly edited and annotated by Churchill scholar James W. Muller.

If pictures are worth a thousand words then just how many words, and what kinds of words, might they inspire? What stories would they tell and would they be happy or sad, elegant or savage? Intimate, philosophical and moving, Snapshot features powerful meditations from 30 well-known writers, each of whom draws on a photograph from their personal archive to inspire a short essay. Charged and intimate, these reflections exhibit a range of sensibilities and experiences, offering unique insight into the lives and interests of both established and emerging authors. Expressing a dynamic array of styles, experience, relationships, landscapes, preoccupations, and rituals from such authors as Teju Cole, Celeste Ng, Dinty Moore, Sven Birkerts, Hilton Als, Sonia Livingston, Roxane Gay, Melissa Febos, Deborah Levy and C. N. Lester, this is an album for our life and times.

This successful textbook offers a highly readable text alongside an engaging mix of theory, case studies and pedagogical features. Covering both managerial and strategic elements of the innovation process, the authors utilise the pentathlon framework to improve performance in both service and manufacturing firms. Innovation Management caters for both MBA and undergraduate students alike, as well as offering an essential perspective for postgraduate students and practitioners.

Build an understanding of a country undergoing dramatic and accelerating changes in this new edition of The History of Saudi Arabia. Taking readers from the Saudi Arabia of pre-Islamic times to the present day, this revised edition in the Histories of Modern Nations series examines how the current efforts to transform the Kingdom fits into the long history of the region. The Arabian Peninsula - the birthplace of Islam - has a long heritage of multiple intersecting civilizations. In recent years, major events in Saudi Arabia have left a mark not only within the region itself but also around the world. The country continues to undergo significant developments, as the government, led by Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman, aims to end its reliance on fossil fuels and build a dynamic society, without bringing into question its authoritarian political system, national security structure, and absolute monarchy. Bring your knowledge up to date with revised information, based on new findings and historiography, on the political, military, religious, economic, and diplomatic history of the country. In addition, this book discusses events such as: - The rise of Muhammad bin Salman - known as MBS - as the new crown prince under his father King Salman, who took the throne in 2015- Vision 2030, a set of reforms designed to create a revived society, a robust economy, and a more vital national state- The Saudi intervention in Yemen as part of the new King's foreign policy- Goals to diversity the economy from oil to tourism and biotechnology- Reforms impacting the status of women and the roles of the religious police

This edited collection considers The Nightmare Before Christmas as a milestone in animation and film history, considering the different layers of meaning and history of the film from pre-production to the present day. The Nightmare Before Christmas (Henry Selick, 1993) has become a key point of reference in negotiations of genre and the boundaries between mainstream and cult cultures, both on screen and in the spaces of fandom, and in original and retrospective reception contexts where it often becomes tangled with nostalgia. Contributors to this edited collection consider the film as a cultural object with significant impact on animation, representations of family and horror, and fandom and subcultures. Covering topics including representations of fairy tales, Christmas media, cultural appropriation, family horror, merchandise, theme parks, and food, this work explores the film's ongoing cultural impact.

Arthouse Crime Scenes is the first book to address the relationship between art cinema and crime, contributing to the study of both categories. Case studies are provided of works by celebrated filmmakers including Lucretia Martell, Kleber Mendonça Filho, Bong Joon Ho, Nuri Bilge Ceylan, Hirokazu Koreeda, Jia Zhangke, Andrey Zvyagintsez and Lee Chang-dong. How is crime represented in art cinema? And how can this be understood in the context of global sociopolitical and film-industrial trends? Arthouse crime scenes draw on variable combinations of elements associated with art cinema and crime genres. Crime might be shown or lurk only at the edges. It might be left unresolved or unexplained. Crime can be petty and small scale or raise big questions associated with the arthouse sector: political issues, the nature of humanity, truth and knowability. In this book, close textual analysis is combined with focus on social and industrial contexts. A recurring theme is the situation of arthouse crime films within differing manifestations of broader processes of late-modern neoliberal globalization and cultural hybridity. Approaches examined range from the oblique to social realism and other mixtures of crime and arthouse tendencies.

This book provides a toolkit for unconventional practice-a comprehensive list of unconventional story shapes and the meanings they create, with accompanying case studies, including: one-act structure; two-act structure; passive protagonists; untimely death of the protagonist, and more. Formed from Aristotelian principles and a three-act shape brought to Hollywood by Broadway playwrights after the advent of sync sound, Conventional Monoplot has come to dominate screen storytelling practice throughout the Western world. For the experimental, rule-suspicious, unconventional screenwriter, alternative storytelling models are available. Beyond the Monoplot offers screenwriters and screenwriting students a new way of approaching and quantifying conventional practice, whilst equipping them with the skills and tools to subvert convention and expectation in dynamic and innovative ways. Where the revolutionary New Hollywood period of the '60s and '70s saw strikingly iconoclastic, original, rule-breaking narratives attracting enormous audiences and making indelible cultural imprints, today's most widely seen films stick rigidly to the Conventional Monoplot model. Shaped and solidified by best-selling screenwriting handbooks of the '80s and 90s, this model proved incredibly useful for a rapidly industrialising consumerist approach to screen entertainment, pushing unconventional and innovative storytelling practices to the cultural fringe. Whilst bold, daring films are still made, their impact is muted: Moonlight, despite winning Best Picture, was only the 134th highest grossing film of its year. And whilst great strides are made towards diversity and representation, story shapes remain cloistered within a consumerist and highly conventionalised form, against which this book pushes back.

With this three-volume companion, students can access the full literary and historical significance of the Aeneid in English through an accessible yet authoritative line-by-line commentary. Written by an experienced teacher and expert on the Aeneid, this guide unpicks Virgil's literary techniques, structural forms and historical resonances. Volume 1 gives you a broad introduction to the historical and philosophical background of the epic; to Virgil's life and works; to the central human and divine characters met in the poem; to how the epic reflects Roman society and its values; to Virgil's literary and stylistic techniques; and to the reception of the epic in later periods. A foreword by renowned translator, Shadi Bartsch-Zimmer, reveals what it means to encounter this epic poem in translation. This book also features maps and family trees so you can trace the travels and lineage of the characters. Plus, the general index is a vital reference tool. It can be used with Volumes 2 and 3, or indeed any edition of the Aeneid in Latin or English, as entries are pegged to line numbers. Volumes 2 and 3 present a line-by-line commentary on the poem, with tables and box features illustrating key narrative arcs and structural patterns.

The long 19th century, approximately 1750 to 1918, was one of significant existential change for peoples across the globe. The beginning of this period saw the expansion of empires, and shortly thereafter, the Euro-American Enlightenment brought about calls for revolutions and the "rights of man". The events and ideas made way for empire and the creation of the nation-state. European states primarily concentrated their aggressive colonization in the Global South, bringing mostly white metropolitans and settlers into intimate contact with diverse African, Asian, and American populations. The inherent violence of imperialism eventually ushered in flashpoints of conflict, as well as indentured servitude, racial segregation, ecological destruction, and genocide throughout Europe's overseas empires. While communal destruction functioned as a central element of 19th-century genocides, colonial governments also used other methods to destroy indigenous life, such as forced assimilation, language adoption, religious instruction, and economic subjugation. Memories of these atrocities have since contributed both to systemic violence in subsequent decades, and to education about these events in the hope of genocide prevention. Yet for all of the violence, a spirit of humanitarianism developed alongside these vile actions that tried to reverse the policies of states and help the aggrieved.

First published in 1988, Teachers as Intellectuals encourages us to see schools as democratic spaces in which teachers and students work together to transform society. Giroux incorporates the most valuable insights of critical pedagogy into a more comprehensive and practical theory of schooling, committed to educating students in the language of critique and possibility. At the heart of his vision for schooling is the ability of the teacher to act as a transformative intellectual and to use critical pedagogy as a form of cultural politics. The book includes an introduction by Paulo Freire, a foreword by Peter McLaren and new introduction from the author.

Now updated in its 3rd edition, this classic work from Giroux provides theoretical and political tools for addressing how pedagogy, knowledge, resistance, and power can be analyzed within and across a variety of cultural spheres, including but not limited to the schools. This edition includes four new chapters covering critical pedagogy and resistance, cultural politics and public intellectuals, challenging gangster capitalism and the lies and violence of fascist politics. These new chapters show how the calls for radical social change made in the previous edition are needed now more than ever in the struggle against fascism, authoritarianism, racism and other systems of oppression that are still built into society and our education systems. The book includes a foreword by Paulo Freire and a preface by Stanley Aronowitz.

This book argues that education is thrown badly off course by dominant tendencies of late industrial societies that are now deeply embedded in the practices and policies of schools and universities. Dunne identifies and offers a critique of these tendencies, while arguing for a radically different conception of education. He argues for an education that attends closely to the nature of learning and teaching, and is buttressed by sustained philosophical reflection on ethical and political issues pertaining to childhood, citizenship, and the kind of practices that can support human flourishing across a whole life-time. Dunne engages with a range of philosophers including Arendt, Gadamer, Habermas, Latour, MacIntyre, Murdoch, Plato, Rousseau, Taylor and Wittgenstein. At the core of the book is a concern about the potential and pitfalls of human personhood, a concern that deepens through reflection in the final chapters on the challenges and fulfilments opened by the spiritual dimension of human life.

What distinguished the Soviet 'look'? How did Soviet thinkers and artists reimagine the relationship between observer and observed? Soviet Spectatorship answers these questions through an in depth exploration of Soviet physical culture and its on screen representations from the end of the Civil War to the eve of the Second World War. Samuel Goff identifies the three fundamental 'structures of looking' - surveillance, aesthetics, and spectatorship - that shaped representations of the embodied Soviet subject. Close readings of understudied films such as Happy Finish (1934), The Laurels of Miss Ellen Gray (1935) and A Strict Young Man (1936), are contextualised through a theoretical analysis of the relationship between subjectivity and the body. In doing so, Goff traces the evolution of a specific Soviet 'look', examining perspectives on Soviet aesthetics and theories of body and mind, uncovering continuities within Soviet visual cultures in a period usually understood in terms of discontinuity and rupture.

Is it possible to teach, learn and train for something that is not yet known? This open access book is the first to present research-based studies of the values and dangers of unforeseen events related to education. The climate emergency, the Covid-19 pandemic, the rise of authoritarianism and extremism have placed new demands on different sectors' views of knowledge, as well as the content and facilitation of education. The unforeseen interferes with the everyday life of everyone. The authors present pedagogy of the unforeseen as an opportunity, a productive moment, one can utilize for learning in which traditional views of knowledge, methods and strategies must be challenged. They argue that less emphasis should be placed on goals and results in school-based education and for teaching methods that better prepare students for unforeseen events. The eBook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by Western Norway University.

Bringing the philosophies of Michel Foucault and Georges Canguilhem into dialogue, Federico Testa examines the notions of life and norms underlying our modern experience of politics. Today's global health crisis acts as a stark reminder that life is at the core of our political debates and dilemmas. We can no longer think of forms of political organization, citizenship and participation without considering the materiality and precarity of our own organic life. Ours is a politics of the living. Within this context, this book examines Foucault's work on the politicization of life and biopolitics through the lens of Canguilhem's notion of norms. Testa extracts from Canguilhem's philosophy the conceptual tools to re-interpret Foucault's ideas on power, and reconceptualises normativity as a process of the creation of norms that provide tools for political and social analysis and for thinking resistance. In so doing, he uncovers new and important possibilities for biopolitical resistance. Demonstrating not only Canguilhem's underexplored social and political concerns but also the intellectual osmosis between the two thinkers, On the Politics of the Living is an urgent examination of the ever-increasing significance of the concepts of life, care and health in today's political discourse.

This authoritative reference work will provide readers with a complete overview of artificial intelligence (AI), including its historic development and current status, existing and projected AI applications, and present and potential future impact on the United States and the world. Some people believe that artificial intelligence (AI) will revolutionize modern life in ways that improve human existence. Others say that the promise of AI is overblown. Still others contend that AI applications could pose a grave threat to the economic security of millions of people by taking their jobs and otherwise rendering them "obsolete"-or, even worse, that AI could actually spell the end of the human race. This volume will help users understand the reasons AI development has both spirited defenders and alarmed critics; explain theories and innovations like Moore's Law, mindcloning, and Technological Singularity that drive AI research and debate; and give readers the information they need to make their own informed judgment about the promise and peril of this technology. All of this coverage is presented using language and terminology accessible to a lay audience.

Exploring what it means to come of age in an era marked by increasing antisemitism, readers see through the eyes of Jewish Gen Zers how identities are shaped in response to and in defiance of antisemitism. Using personal experiences, qualitative research, and the historic moment in which Generation Z is coming of age, Jewish educator Samantha A. Vinokor-Meinrath uses antisemitism from both the political left and the right to explore identity development among Jewish Gen Zers. With insights from educators, students, activists, and more, she holds a lens up to current antisemitism and its impact on the choices and opinions of the next generation of Jewish leaders. Chapters cover Holocaust education for the final generation able to speak directly to Holocaust survivors and learn their stories firsthand; modern manifestations of antisemitism; and how the realities of 21st-century America have shaped the modern Jewish experience, ranging from the synagogue shooting in Pittsburgh to how Gen Zers use social media and understand diversity. The core of this book is a collection of stories: of intersectional identity, of minority affiliations, and of overcoming adversity in order to flourish and thrive.

Developing an innovative approach to understanding how organized crime groups diversify into the illegal trade in natural resources, this book looks at the convergence between environmental crime and other serious crimes. In Organized Environmental Crime, Daan van Uhm breaks new ground by rejecting the classic image of organized crime as specializing in one kind of criminal activity. Instead, he develops an innovative approach to understanding how organized crime groups diversify into the illegal trade in natural resources by looking at the convergence between environmental crime and other serious crimes. Personal stories from informants directly involved in organized crime networks offer unique insights into the black markets in gold, wildlife, and timber in three environmental crime hotspots: the Darién Gap, a remote swath of jungle on the Colombia-Panama border in Latin America; the Golden Triangle, a notorious opium epicenter in Southeast Asia; and the eastern edge of the Congo basin, an important conflict area in Central Africa. The proliferation of organized environmental crime exacerbates the global destruction of ancient rainforests; the mass extinction of species; and the pollution of the atmosphere, land, and water, negatively affecting planet Earth. By uncovering its incentives, features, and harms, this book is crucial to understanding organized environmental crime in a rapidly changing world.

Extends the field of translation studies and theory by examining three radical science-fiction treatments of translation. The so-called "fictional turn" in translation studies has staked out territory previously unclaimed by translation scholars - territory in which translators are portrayed as full human beings in their social environments - but so far no one has looked to science fiction for truly radical explorations of translation. Translating the Nonhuman fills that gap, exploring speculative attempts to cross the yawning chasm between human and nonhuman languages and cultures. The book consists of three essays, each bringing a different theoretical orientation to bear on a different science-fiction work. The first studies Samuel R. Delany's 1966 novel, Babel-17, using Peircean semiotics; the second studies Suzette Haden Elgin's 1984 novel, Native Tongue, using Austinian performativity and Eve Sedwick's periperformative corrective; and the third studies Ted Chiang's 1998 novella, "Story of Your Life," and its 2016 screen adaptation, Arrival, using sustainability theory. Themes include the 1950s clash between Whorfian untranslatability and the possibility of unbounded (machine) translatability; the performative ability of a language to change reality and the reliance of that ability on the periperformativity of "witnesses"; and alienation from the familiar in space and time and its transformative effect on the biological and cultural sustainability of human life on earth. Through these close readings and varied theoretical approaches, Translating the Nonhuman provides a tentative mapping of science fiction's usefulness for the study of human-(non)human translation, with translators and interpreters acting as explorers of new ways to communicate.

This book explores the influential work of Eugene Jarvis, designer of the wildly-successful arcade games Defender, Robotron: 2084, NARC, Smash TV, and Cruis'n USA, among others. Embracing a variety of genres across decades, the video games of Eugene Jarvis offer a series of design lessons in how to craft coin-operated game machines that can survive and thrive even as the arcade was disappearing from the American landscape. In particular, his titles demonstrate the enduring appeal of gameplay challenges, taboo content, and possessing a larger-than-life form factor and accessible gameplay. Drawing upon multiple interviews with Jarvis and his collaborators, as well as scholarly reflections on game design, historic industry data, and archival documents, this book makes the case that Jarvis is the unparalleled "King of the Arcade" for his ability to craft gameplay experiences that cannot be replicated on home consoles or personal computers.

An examination of Spanglish, Portuñol, and Judeo-Spanish literatures that builds on sociolinguistic understandings of the intersections of language, nation, and identity to develop the theoretical frameworks of "linguistic labor" and "literary doulas." Connecting the metaphor of labor to the human life cycle, Remy Attig introduces the notion of literary doulas. These doulas accompany a community as a body of literature is born (akin to the doula as midwife), or, in the case of Judeo-Spanish, writes the language as a form of linguistic palliative care for a community whose historical language is facing imminent death (the death doula). Presenting three case studies of Spanglish, Portuñol, and Judeo-Spanish, the first part of Linguistic Labor and Literary Doulas places the emergence of these languages in their respective geographies and contexts. Attig discusses the work of authors and literary doulas, including Susana Chávez-Silverman, Gloria Anzaldúa, Fabián Severo, and Matilda Koén-Sarano. The framework of linguistic labor relates the creation of a literary corpus in an undervalued or stigmatized language context to other forms of domestic or gendered labor, often the responsibility of women and queer people. In the second part of the book, Attig places these literatures and theories in discussion with emerging scholarship in translinguistics, queer theories, and translation studies. By applying the notion of translinguistics to useful case studies that challenge traditional understandings of the frontiers between languages, Linguistic Labor and Literary Doulas models productive ways that we can discuss real-world linguistic practices as valuable aspects of culture and identity.

The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music and Youth Culture provides a comprehensive and fully up-to-date overview of key themes and debates relating to the academic study of popular music and youth culture. While this is a highly popular and rapidly expanding field of research, there currently exists no single-source reference book for those interested in this topic. The handbook is comprised of 32 original chapters written by leading authors in the field of popular music and youth culture and covers a range of topics including: theory; method; historical perspectives; genre; audience; media; globalization; ageing and generation.

A cross-cultural study that explores and redefines what philosophy, philosophizing, and philosophers are through the lens of literature. The academic discipline of philosophy may tell us, too rigidly, what a philosopher is or should be; but fictional narration often upholds the core conundrums of humankind in which philosophy germinates. This collection of essays explores whether a study of 'philosophers' at a planetary scale, or at least on a broad cross-cultural spectrum, can decouple philosophy from its academic aspect and lend it a more inclusive domain. Contributors to this volume play with three conceptual poles, making them interact with each other and get modified through this interaction: 'fiction', 'narrative' and 'philosopher'. How do these three terms get semantically modified and broadened in scope when we speak of the figures of philosophers in imaginative writing? How do these terms assume different connotations in different cultural contexts, interacting with the multiplicity of not just 'thought', but also the media and tools of 'thought'? Do we always think only rationally? Or do we also think with and through emotively powerful images, symbols and tropes? In the end, Finding Philosophers in Global Fiction insists on the need to 'de-elitize' and democratize the concept of a 'philosopher' by reflecting on the possibility of seeing a philosopher as one who sees things clearly, from any vantage point.