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This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 License. It is free to read, download and share on the BAR Digital platform.Delivering the Deep: Maritime archaeology for the 21st century, originated from work presented at IKUWA 7 conference in Helsinki, and offers a comprehensive look at state-of-the-art research being undertaken by maritime scholars. A curated series of essays reviews change in the discipline over the past 50 years and highlights current trends. The wide range of themes presented underscores the changing nature of maritime archaeology, which has expanded from an initial focus on underwater archaeology and nautical technology to become a dynamic, interdisciplinary field encompassing all tangible and intangible elements of culture related to human activities on, in and around aquatic environments. Themes connected to theoretical frameworks, especially those focusing on maritime cultural landscapes, have increased in popularity, a sign of growth in theoretical insights and maturing research. This paves the way for a more nuanced understanding of past societies, their behaviours, technologies, economies, beliefs, and interactions with watery environments.

Since 2004, the Dewil Valley in El Nido, Palawan, Philippines has been home to the Palawan Island Palaeohistory Research Project (PIPRP). Dewil is a landscape dotted with limestone towers, each of which has their own archaeological story to tell. Excavations at Ille Cave, the main archaeological site, have revealed a changing landscape and evidence of tigers in the Philippines, 9,000-year-old cremation burials, and a 300-year-old cemetery.As the longest running archaeological research project in the Philippines, PIPRP has left its own mark on the valley. They have constructed a park with an exhibit hall and an access road. However, its biggest influence lies in a new generation of youth who interact with the landscape in a different way having grown up with the archaeological research project in their midst.This book tells the archaeological research project's own heritage story

This research focuses on the development of digital methodologies to identify evidence of timber supply and selection for traditional shipbuilding through the examination of the archaeological ship timbers. Traditions of archaeological ship timber recording are reviewed and developed, with particular reference to the capture of information regarding the raw material (wood) used in shipbuilding, to introduce a rigorous methodology which integrates digital three-dimensional technologies increasingly employed in maritime archaeology. This approach is showcased using case studies from the Iberian Age of Discoveries, in which the author is able to analyse assemblages of surviving ship timbers and to identify correlations between woodlands, shipyards, and shipbuilding architecture. A range of digital technologies are used to allow the recording, analysis, and interpretation of surviving wood features. Data is captured using a combination of a FaroArm digitiser with Rhinoceros3D software and multi-image photogrammetry to obtain precise and accurate information.

Ce livre étudie les vestiges archéologiques des fortifications endogènes du Sénégal oriental pendant la traite négrière atlantique. Dans sa première partie, il aborde les généralités en traitant des déterminants de l'implantation des fortifications en Afrique de l'Ouest. Suivant une proposition de classification des fortifications endogènes ouest-africaines, il donne un aperçu des différents types de fortifications présents du Sénégal au Cameroun. Dans la deuxième partie, il présente l'histoire militaire et politique des entités étatiques de la rive gauche de la Falémé (le royaume peul de Boundou, et les royaumes malinké de Dantila, Sirimana, et Beledougou), ainsi que les structures défensives qui ont servi de base à cette histoire. Autant que possible, chaque ruine de fortifications est étudiée sous une approche archéologique et historique. Enfin, l'ouvrage examine la place des fortifications dans l'histoire de l'Afrique de l'Ouest et leur valeur en tant que patrimoine culturel matériel.This book studies the archaeological remains of endogenous fortifications in eastern Senegal during the Atlantic slave trade.

Este volumen aborda los cambios de las comunidades de la Edad del Hierro en el Alto Duero (Soria, España), en términos de poder e identidades. Los principales temas abordados son el establecimiento del asentamiento estable en la región, el surgimiento de centros urbanos, la construcción de autoridad y genealogías, las transformaciones identitarias durante el primer milenio a. n. e. y los encuentros con Roma. Combinando un amplio conjunto de datos arqueológicos con referencias históricas, datos antropológicos y Sistemas de Información Geográfica, este trabajo aporta información esencial sobre cómo funcionaron y se transformaron las sociedades del primer milenio a. n. e. This volume explores the changes of Iron Age communities in the Upper Duero River (North-Central Spain), in terms of power and identities. The main topics addressed are the establishment of stable settlement in the region, the emergence of urban centres, the construction of authority and genealogies, identity transformations over the first millennium BCE, and encounters with Rome. Using a large body of archaeological data in combination with historical references, anthropological insights and Geographical Information Systems, this work contributes valuable information on how Iron Age societies worked and transformed.

Why did the Romans worship a Persian god? This book presents a new reading of the Mithraic iconography taking into account that the cult had a prophecy. It is likely that the Mithraic reliefs alluded to it and the scenes in the upper panels depict the Golden Age which was the final result of many apocalyptic, prophetic texts including the 4th Eclogue of Virgil. The Avesta, the Vedas, and Herodotus associate Mithras with the morning star and the dawn and this god was the mediator between darkness and light. Additionally, Mithras was a protector of rulers and, similar to Apollo, arbiter and mediator between opposite elements, and saviour of humankind. For these reasons he was ideal to become the god of Augustus and the Roman emperors.

While the rural settlements of Wales and the Marches have often been used as a backdrop to the study of the military, this book seeks to move beyond a simplistic Roman/native dichotomy to present a more nuanced understanding of the nature and development of rural settlement during the Roman period. It takes advantage of the recent rise of big data approaches to analyse the distribution of settlements and material culture and to explore the regional diversity, economic basis, and social practice of rural settlements. A methodology for the analysis of regional ceramic assemblages is also presented and offers both a new perspective on the distribution of ceramics in the region and a reappraisal of rural engagement in networks of trade and production. The evidence presented demonstrates that, far from being a homogenous region peripheral to Roman Britain, Wales and the Marches were far more diverse and dynamic than previous work has suggested.

John Lewyn was among the most important 14th century master masons, achieving a virtual dominance of high status castle building in the north of England from 1378-98. This study aims to reconstruct his career, determine his influence on developments in castle architecture, and draw some conclusions about his methods of working.

This book uses macrobotanical analysis (charcoal and seeds/grains) from Later Stone Age sites in Botswana and Namibia to address past climatic and environmental conditions in Southern Africa during the Holocene period, c. 2000 BP. One of its main objectives is to comprehend subsistence and overall socio-economic stratagems of human communities vis-à-vis their vegetal milieu. The majority of Southern Africa has comparatively few archaeobotanical studies, so this is the first archaeobotanical research from the site of Toteng and Botswana. Hence, this study draws equally from ethnographic inferences to understand current plant distribution and utilisation, which was achieved by using data collected among the San and Damara communities, found in the Erongo region, Namibia. Finally, a botanical reference collection was developed in order to facilitate the macrobotanical identification process, as well as to contribute to the initial reference bank that will later be developed for future research.

Questo lavoro si propone di portare l'attenzione sul caso studio di un paesaggio culturale antico segnato dal fenomeno coloniale, in cui è avvenuta l'interazione tra due grandi e diverse componenti etniche. Ad essere preso in esame è il territorio degli Enotri, in gran parte coincidente con le aree di influenza delle colonie achee di Crotone, Sibari e Metaponto e della ionica Siris, per comprendere entro quali dinamiche si è verificato il contatto tra gli indigeni e i Greci al momento delle fondazioni. L'obiettivo del lavoro è quello di tracciare la natura e le caratteristiche del popolamento enotrio e le trasformazioni avvenute dopo le fondazioni greche. In antitesi alle tendenze primitiviste e diffusioniste che si appiattiscono nella considerazione esclusiva dell'elemento coloniale, questa ricerca ha tentato di riconoscere il ruolo, troppo spesso marginalizzato, svolto dagli indigeni nella definizione politico-culturale della Magna Grecia. This work presents a case study of an ancient cultural landscape marked by colonization in which interaction between two large and different ethnic groups took place. The purpose of the work is to trace the nature and characteristics of the Oenotrian population and the changes that occurred after the arrival of the Greeks. The territory of the Oenotrians (largely coinciding with the Achaean colonies of Crotone, Sibari, Metaponto and Ionian Siris) is examined in order to understand how contact between indigenous peoples and Greeks took place at the time. In opposition to the primitivist and diffusionist interpretations that ignore native elements, this research enhances the role, too often marginalized, played by indigenous peoples in the political-cultural creation of Magna Graecia.

Derrycarhoon is the first copper mine discovered in Ireland from the later Bronze Age. This book presents the results of recent archaeological survey and excavation of a small multi-period mine in the Cork region, along with details of landscape setting, bedrock geology, mineralisation and palaeoecology. The recent history of mining and prospection at Derrycarhoon is examined, beginning with the discovery in 1846 of so-called 'Danish Mines' now dated c.1300-1000 BC. The technology and operation of the early mine is considered, as well as its significance for the supply of copper in Bronze Age Ireland. The wider context is explored in relation to contemporary farm settlement in the region, with particular reference to the religious monuments of those communities. That settlement landscape was connected to regional trade networks controlled by emerging hillfort chiefdoms, at a time of growing militarism and pressure on metal supply in Ireland.

During the late Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom, there were two principal types of artistic representation in the ancient Egyptian elite tomb: funerary models and wall scenes. The two media exhibit several similarities in design, with both depicting people and animals engaged in activities of everyday life. This has caused scholars to regularly label funerary models duplicates or substitutes of wall scenes, implying that they served the same purpose in the tomb. However, there are several notable differences yet to be acknowledged. This book conducts a detailed comparative analysis of the two artistic media, focusing on representations from the sites of Meir, Deir el-Bersha and Beni Hassan in Middle Egypt. The analysis highlights the distinguishing characteristics of each medium and establishes a more precise understanding of the role of funerary models in the tomb and their relationship to wall scenes.

This volume explores the relationship between people and material culture in the south-west peninsula from the first century BC to the fifth century AD. This area has often been ignored in the narratives of Britannia and the application of traditional theoretical models to the archaeology of the region has perpetuated the idea that it was largely 'un-Romanised'. In recent years new theoretical concepts have been developed which recognise that interactions in the provinces were far more complex than the simplistic dichotomy of Roman versus Native. More emphasis is also being placed on artefacts and their use in the creation of identity. This work builds on this and explores the relationship between material culture and the creation of identity. This is achieved through the analysis of the ceramics, personal adornment items and coins found in the region, gathered from excavation reports and from data recorded through the Portable Antiquities Scheme. The analysis sheds new light on the role these objects played in the renegotiation of identity that resulted from the Roman conquest.

This book brings together a collection of chapters reflecting the scholarship of Tom Beaumont James, Emeritus Professor at the University of Winchester, in advancing the study of medieval and early modern artefacts, buildings, gardens, and towns. The seventeen essays represent substantive contributions on specific topics and many of the authors started out as Tom's students. Some focus on buildings, others on people, some on documentary evidence and some on material culture. The chapters range chronologically from early medieval Southampton through sixteenth-century Winchester to an analysis of that city's nineteenth-century censuses. Although the work coheres around central Southern England there are also papers on Edward I's Tower of London, the medieval and early modern gardens of two Oxford colleges, and the English occupation of Normandy in the fifteenth century.

Papers presented at the 5th Annual Symposium of the Association for Environmental Archaeology which was held at the University of Sheffield, September 1983.

This edited volume explores developing practice in the public presentation of the World Heritage of the Roman frontiers. Written by leading European practitioners the emphasis is on developing experiences that are visitor focused rather than academic, whilst respecting authenticity. The originality of the book lies in this visitor-centric approach and in the combination of strategic and operational examples from one strategic area of interest - the World Heritage of the Roman frontiers. This enables the reader to make comparisons between different approaches and solutions. The book covers three main areas of interest: strategic planning and policy, practical applications and issues of authenticity and public perception. The book will interest researchers, teachers and practitioners across different parts of the world in fields including heritage management and interpretation, cultural tourism, visitor studies and museology. Preface by René Ployer, one of the three authors who developed and wrote the Thematic Study and Proposed World Heritage Nomination Strategy for the Frontiers of the Roman Empire.

The medicinal and panaceist benefits of spring water have been known since ancient times and people have been bathing in and drinking from springs, lakes and watery caves for centuries. This volume presents a catalogue of such sites in the region of Etruria, dating from prehistory to the late Roman Imperial period.

An expanded dissertation which uses a variety of approaches to examine the use of resources and evidence for human behaviour in a classic area for the Indian Palaeolithic'.

Based on the author's thesis, this study presents the results of the analysis of charred plant remains from ten sites in the Levant. Emphasis is placed on the significance of the species identified and the presence of wild and domesticated plants.

This study analyses 161 individuals from the Alepotrya Cave, located on the west coast of the Tainaron Peninsula of Southern Greece. In it Papathanasiou outlines the history of the site, the history of this type of research and sets out the aims and methodology for her study.

Thirteen papers which originated in the seminar series The Transpennine Research Seminar, begun in 1996, and reflect a wide range of topics associated with the Mediterranean and Aegean from the Bronze Age to Late Antiquity.

Neolithic Britain is characterised by its wide diversity in funerary and mortuary rites. However, a shift c.3500BC led to a rise in cremation burials associated with circular monuments and by c.3000BC, cremation was the dominant funerary rite. This book provides a comprehensive re-analysis of 628 cremation deposits from 84 sites across mainland Britain, including those from Stonehenge. It offers new insights and interpretations relating to a shift in social organisation and belief structures, and uses up-to-date methodology to discuss osteological, archaeological and chronological data. Together, this research suggests that cremation was specifically selected for certain members of society, and it also raises new questions about mobility and the role women played within the prehistoric landscape.

By studying various aspects of the material culture found in Crete, the Cycladic islands and mainland Greece during the early Bronze Age, Karantzali hopes to produce a tighter typological chronology than has previously been established.