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Streaming problems are algorithmic problems that are mainly characterized by their massive input streams. Because of these data streams, the algorithms for these problems are forced to be space-efficient, as the input stream length generally exceeds the available storage. The goal of this study is to analyze the impact of additional information (more specifically, a hypothesis of the solution) on the algorithmic space complexities of several streaming problems. To this end, different streaming problems are analyzed and compared. The two problems "e;most frequent item"e; and "e;number of distinct items"e;, with many configurations of different result accuracies and probabilities, are deeply studied. Both lower and upper bounds for the space and time complexity for deterministic and probabilistic environments are analyzed with respect to possible improvements due to additional information. The general solution search problem is compared to the decision problem where a solution hypothesis has to be satisfied.

This book tackles various pragmatic issues which are manipulated by politicians in diverse contexts where the principle of being honest is less important than fulfilling their goals. These issues range from Irony to Impoliteness, Deception, Diplomacy, Fallacy, and Political Accusations. Besides, it reveals what pragmatic strategies are appealed to by those politicians to win over their opponents or convince their audience. Revealing those strategies is done by pragmatic analytical models which are applied to verbal and nonverbal data. Thus, the book can be useful to politicians, pragmaticians, and applied linguists. Additionally, the book is indispensable to researchers interested in pragmatics as it suggests different approaches about how to build pragmatic analytical models and how to use them to analyze political data or any other kind of data.

Since China's reforms, the country has experienced tremendous growth and expansion. China's government has encouraged the companies to go global, with the recent reforms of the "e;Go West"e; and "e;Going Global"e; policy. Since China became a member of the World Trade Organisation in 2001, economic reforms have led to a spectacular economic success which has generated rapid economic growth over two decades. The country has moved from a centrally-planned economy towards a market economy. This research study focuses on the impact and the trends of Chinese FDI (foreign direct investment) on Kenya's economic sectors of agriculture, infrastructure, manufacturing, and tourism. It seeks to quantify the advantages and disadvantages through the SWOT analysis and to suggest policies necessary to maximize the development impact of China in Kenya. The study takes a qualitative and quantitative approach with close textual analysis of the existing data and information from the Kenya embassy in Beijing and KIA and auxiliary information from existing written literature, books, internet sources, journal articles and interpretation of these sources.

In modern days, Nanotechnology is in wide use in various domains of science. It deals with the Nanoparticles having a size of 1-100 nm in one dimension. It is often used in medical chemistry, atomic physics and other scientific disciplines. The synthesis of nanomaterials is of current interest due to their wide variety of applications in fields such as electronics, photonics, catalysis, medicine etc. The applications of nanotechnology are growing because matter at the nanometer scale has different properties compared with the bulk state. For this reason, many research groups around the world are testing new methods of synthesis of different materials at the nanoscale. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been the subject matter of researchers due to their unique properties (e.g. size and shape depending on optical, antimicrobial and electrical properties).

Web Usage Mining, also known as Web Log Mining, is the result of user interaction with a Web server including Web logs, click streams and database transaction or the visits of search engine crawlers at a Website. Log files provide an immense source of information about the behavior of users as well as search engine crawlers. Web Usage Mining concerns the usage of common browsing patterns, i.e. pages requested in sequence from Web logs. These patterns can be utilized to enhance the design and modification of a Website. Analyzing and discovering user behavior is helpful for understanding what online information users inquire and how they behave. The analyzed result can be used in intelligent online applications, refining Websites, improving search accuracy when seeking information and lead decision makers towards better decisions in changing markets, for instance by putting advertisements in ideal places. Similarly, the crawlers or spiders are accessing the Websites to index new and updated pages. These traces help to analyze the behavior of search engine crawlers. The log files are unstructured files and of huge size. These files need to be extracted and pre-processed before any data mining functionality to follow. Pre-processing is done in unique ways for each application. Two pre-processing algorithms are proposed based on indiscernibility relations in rough set theory which generates Equivalence Classes. The first algorithm generates a pre-processed file with successful user requests while the second one generates a pre-processed file for pre-fetching and caching purposes. Two algorithms are proposed to extract usage analytics. The first algorithm identifies the origin of visits, the top referring sites and the most popular keywords used by the visitor to arrive at a Website. The second algorithm extracts user agents like browsers and operating systems used by a visitor to access a Website. In this study, clustering of users based on Entry Pages to a Website is done to analyze the deep linked traffic at a Website. The Top Ten Entry Pages, the traffic and the temporal information of the Top Ten Entry Pages are also studied.

The Indian system of medicine is known for its classical literature, mainly the major triad of the Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and the Ashtanga Hridayam. These classical texts were created by the seers of yore who had a profound knowledge free of any shortcomings. These ancient literary gems were based on the strong foundation of Indian Philosophy, mainly the theistic ones. Out of the three major classics, the Charaka Samhita is well known for its deliberations on the speciality of medicine. The main postulates of the Charaka Samhita aim at the maintenance of health of the healthy and the treatment of the diseased. The Charaka Samhita has a total of 120 chapters divided into 8 sections known as Sthana. The first and foremost is the Sutra Sthana, i.e. the section dealing with the fundamentals of the Indian system of medicine known as Ayurveda. All the basic principles of the Ayurveda system related to the health are mentioned in this section. These principles find their application elsewhere in the other seven sections of the text. One of the most important of all the sections of the Charaka Samhita is the Vimana Sthana, i.e. the section dealing with measurement/standardization. It is hereby referred to as the Section of Examinations or the Pariksha Sthana. The Vimana Sthana has a total of 8 chapters which ponder over a wide range of subjects like the special effects of drugs, epidemiology, pathology, dietetics, ways of gaining knowledge and the teaching methodology. The discussion in the Vimana Sthana centers on the different types of examination of the patient, mainly the ten-fold examination of the natural constitution (prakriti), vikriti (pathology) et al. Along with these examinations, there is a vivid description of the teaching methodology in the Ayurveda system of medicine with an emphasis on the friendly discussions. The fundamentals of research like the drug research and the five-fold research protocol are also conspicuous by their presence and find their widespread utility in the contemporary research arena. Thus, the Vimana Sthana provides ample knowledge to the seekers of Ayurveda knowledge and paves the way for research and standardization in this ancient holistic Indian System of medicine.

This study examines the role of the various processes entailed in globalisation in the rise of the New Right in Italy and Germany. The first section aims to clarify what is meant by the term globalisation, for it is more easily used than defined. Thus, several perspectives, such as those of the tranformationalists and the hyperglobalists, are taken into account. Then, economic and cultural globalisation considered to be the most influential forms of globalisation are analysed in depth. The second part specifically examines the Italian and the German cases by analysing the political and ideological discourse of successful New Right cultural movements and parties, e.g. the Italian Northern League and National Alliance. This analysis explains the difference between the populist New Right and the extreme right, and how the rise of New Right parties can be linked with the strengthening of cultural and economic globalisation.

This book is suitable as a textbook for a first course on the Dynamic Relaxation technique in civil and mechanical engineering curricula. It can be used as a reference by engineers and scientists working in the industrial sector and in academic institutions. The first chapter includes an introduction to the Dynamic Relaxation method (DR) which is combined with the Finite Differences method (FD) for the sake of solving ordinary and partial differential equations, as a single equation or as a group of differential equations. In this chapter the dynamic relaxation equations are transformed to artificial dynamic space by adding damping and inertia effects. These are then expressed in finite difference form and the solution is obtained through iterations. The procedural steps in solving differential equations using the DR method were applied to the system of differential equations (i.e. ordinary and/or partial differential equations). The DR program performs the following operations: Reads data file; computes fictitious densities; computes velocities and displacements; checks stability of numerical computations; checks convergence of solution; and checks wrong convergence. At the end the Dynamic Relaxation numerical method coupled with the Finite Differences discretization technique is used to solve nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations. Subsequently, a FORTRAN program is developed to generate the numerical results as analytical and/or exact solutions.

This book is the outcome of an examination of single organic molecules through single-crystal X-ray techniques. The book is suitable for research scholars as it covers a complete analysis of novel oxazole derivatives by single-crystal X-ray techniques.

Power supply quality concerns are the consequences of the increasing use of solid state switching devices, power electronically switched loads, unbalanced power systems, lightning controls, computer and data processing equipment, as well as industrial plant rectifiers and inverters. In this book, special prominence is given to the degrading of power quality due to unbalanced power supply. Moreover, the impact of unbalanced voltage on the performance of three-phase induction motors are also underlined. Three-phase induction motors are broadly used in diverse industrial applications while unbalances in supply voltage are responsible for various ailing impacts on their performance. Furthermore, the variation of performance parameters of three-phase induction motors have been analysed. Additionally, various existing methods for the assessment of the performance induction motor under the supply voltage unbalance have been critically reviewed to underline their shortcomings. The causes, effects, mitigation techniques along with the various interpretations of voltage unbalance, prescribed in different standard, are also discussed to highlight their deficits.

This book on "e;Earning Animals"e; is written with a view to highlight the importance of some invertebrate and vertebrate species used for earning both at individual and national levels. It aims at creating awareness among students, entrepreneurs and unemployed youth for gainful employment. The candidate species selected are some useful annelids, arthropods, unio, fish and mammals. A chapter on aquaponics - a method of cultivation of fish and plant farming devoid of soil - has also been described. Since most of these animal species are included in the syllabi of Indian Universities and colleges, the authors believe this book will be helpful to the students to meet their curricular requirements.

Managing risks is essential for corporations and has a tremendous impact on their performance. However, doing it sufficiently can be challenging, especially in Emerging Markets (EMs). Due to its underdeveloped environment, corporations often face enormous difficulties while managing risk in these countries. The purpose of this study is to outline the issues and differences of corporate risk management in emerging economies compared to Developed Markets (DMs). After a short introduction, the second chapter describes risk management in DMs and gives an overview of common corporate risks. The third chapter characterizes EMs and details its risk management. In that connection, the focus lies on (1) the risk management process, (2) the measurement of risk and (3) the tools and techniques to mitigate risks in EMs. Conclusively, the study summarizes the main factors for corporations that are fundamental for managing risks in EMs effectively.

This book examines a five-year old football club from Leipzig which was founded by Red Bull for marketing reasons. Because the audience's interest is surprisingly high, the motivation for the attendance of those fans has been investigated. To identify the degree of affiliation of Leipzig fans with the club, the SSIS has also been examined. In a survey both online and at the stadium 223 football fans have been interviewed to give their opinion on RB Leipzig. In order to approach the core topic, the literature review considers sport sponsoring, identity based team brand management and team identification.

The importance of mutual funds for individual investors has increased in recent decades. This becomes apparent when looking at the increased share of households owning mutual funds. These mutual fund investors usually want to receive a return which is above or at least close to the mutual fund's benchmark. Consequently, investors want to invest in those funds which will show these patterns in the future. Some of these mutual funds receive much attention, since they generate extraordinary high performance. But the question that remains is whether it is possible to predict such performance before funds exhibit such outstanding performance. In the past, mutual fund investors focused extensively on performance or performance linked patterns, like the Morningstar star rating, and thus chased past performance. This seems surprising since performance persists only over a short time and is more persistent to weak mutual funds (1 and 2 star rated) than well performing mutual funds. Thus, chasing past performances seems to be a rather inferior strategy. Therefore, investors should try to identify alternative tools showing a high correlation to future mutual fund performance. In this book, mutual funds are analysed, especially open-end mutual funds and actively managed mutual funds. The main focus is on what purpose and usefulness active investments have and whether performance is persistent and what the determinants of mutual fund flows are. Moreover, some alternative measures will be introduced by explaining which attributes or methods should be used and avoided when selecting mutual funds.

The excessive risk-taking at banks might account for the failure of financial undertakings, as well as to systemic problems in the European Union and around the world. The inappropriate design of remuneration systems in many financial institutions is reported to induce such risk-taking. The EU regulators have intervened through legislative measures which have been differently implemented in Member States. Such legislative measures face critics due to the restriction in banks' freedom of business. However, this book will point out that regulations are necessary and can be justified in order to protect the common good of a sound functioning financial market. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of current legislative provisions is challenged. Therefore, this book will critically analyse the legislation of bankers' remuneration, focussing on relevant EU, UK and German measures.

Finding an incentive compatible method to assess account values can be seen as the bedrock of social media research across all platforms and is of crucial importance for researches and practitioners alike. This study presents a new method of applying the willingness to accept (instead of the commonly applied willingness to pay for establishing account values on Instagram), by modifying a randomised Vickrey Auction. Primary research among 1024 participants and 409 Instagram users measured the willingness to accept, in relation to demographic variables, account and interaction metrics. The average account was valued at 100 median, correlating significantly with participants' income and prevalently with the number of followers. Other significant correlations were found in the duration since sign up, number of posts, average number of likes and comments as well as the decision to establish a micro blogging business. Findings are discussed by regarding the limitations and implications for Instagram's business model in terms of a Freemium model, insurances companies offering privacy enhancing features and ad campaign pricing when users engage in brand collaborations.

For this study and analysis of the domestic and foreign policy challenges of Thailand, the author consulted numerous Asian sources to capture a comprehensive view of the various challenges and risks faced. Political, economic and social challenges are all covered. Relevant country data and figures are also included.

This report provides an analysis of both the current and forecasted energy supply and demand balances that will accompany ASEAN's growth in the next two decades, and the various implications that will arise due to the supply-demand shift. Contemporary energy issues, such as renewable energy, nuclear energy and climate change, will be evaluated. Policy recommendations to counter national and regional energy challenges will also be discussed.

This book proposes the I-4 Initiative, a set of broad-based recommendations designed to help the US tackle ASEAN's key obstacles to economic growth, and thereby differentiating itself from other competing multilateral economic frameworks, striving to garner ASEAN's involvement. As part of the current situational analysis, this paper also touches on ASEAN's growing economic potential as well as on the viability of the Trans-Pacific Agreement (TPP) and the US-ASEAN Extended Economic Engagement (E3). A posture on how the US can balance both arrangements is also recommended.

All armed conflicts, whether international or non-international, are characterized by some sort of asymmetry. Disparities between parties to armed hostilities have always been an issue as a matter of fact, although not necessarily addressed by IHL as a matter of law. IHL remains a stranger to such situations, for it is based on ist equal applicability to all parties of a conflict. Nonetheless, contemporary conflicts have shown that the said equality may no longer be the rule, but rather the exception. This refers in particular to non-international armed conflicts where parties are inherently asymmetrical and the weaker ones tend to act in straightforward violation of universally hailed rules in order to engage their technologically advanced and more resourceful enemy. Accordingly, the ways in which asymmetric actors behave during armed conflicts challenge IHL's basic foundations, and the fact that civilians still endure the burden of hostilities, as their primary victims, underpins the necessity for further efforts in the attempt to promote respect for IHL. This work assesses diverse alternatives to respond to these brutal forms of asymmetric confrontations, with a view on those mechanisms which best address the causes why non-state actors deny not only complying with IHL from a legal perspective but also contemplating policy-making considerations.

The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) was adopted to eliminate the illegitimate use of trade distorting agricultural subsidies and, thereby, reduce and avoid the negative effects subsidies have on global agricultural trade. However, the AoA has been fashioned in a way that is enabling developed countries to continue high levels of protectionism through subsidization, whilst many developing countries are facing severe and often damaging competition from imports artificially cheapened through subsidies. The regulation of subsidies by the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has been a highly sensitive issue. This is mainly due to the fear of compromising on food security, especially by developed countries. Developing countries have suffered negatively from the subsidy programmes of developed countries, which continue to subsidize their agricultural sector. This position of developing countries in the global trade system, which has been described as weak, has drawn criticism of the WTO, namely that it does not protect the interests of the weak developing nations, but rather strengthens the interests of the strong developed nations. The green box provisions which are specifically designed to regulate payments that are considered trade neutral or minimally trade distorting have grossly been manipulated by developed countries at the mercy of the AoA. Developed countries continue to provide trade distorting subsidies under the guise of green box support. This is defeating the aims and objectives of the AoA. The study examines the regulation of WTO agricultural subsidies from the developing countries' perspective. It looks at the problems WTO member states face with trade distorting subsidies, but focuses more on the impact these have on developing states. It scrutinizes the AoA's provisions regulating subsidies by adopting a perspective to identify any loopholes or shortcomings which undermine the interests and aspirations of developing countries. This is against the background that some of the provisions of the AoA are lenient towards the needs of developed countries at the expense of developing countries.

Adders are the basic building blocks of any processor or data path application. In adder design, carry generation is the critical path. To reduce the power consumption of the data path, we need to reduce the area of the adder. Carry Select Adder is one of the fast adders used in may data path applications. The proposed design is implemented without using multiplexer and RCA structure with Cin=1. Instead of using multiplexer and RCA Cin=1 structure, we use simple combinational circuit. After speed, power dissipation is one of the most important design objectives in integrated circuits. As adders are the most widely used components in such circuits, the design of efficient adder is of much concern for researchers. This book presents a performance analysis of different Fast Adders. The comparison is done on the basis of three performance parameters, i.e. Area, Speed and Power consumption. We also show a modified carry select adder designed at different stages.

This book explores the application of Design Thinking in the automotive industry in order to explain which factors influence the innovativeness of Design Thinking teams. Seeking for innovation leadership, automotive manufacturers apply Design Thinking to enhance their competitiveness with customer-oriented products and services. Design Thinking is a multidisciplinary team-based methodology that adopts design principles to business management. In the literature and practice, however, it is not clear, what constitutes the relationship between the application of Design Thinking and team's innovativeness. A grounded theory and template analysis approach is used to develop a framework which explains this relationship. Managers and decision-makers of multinationals are provided with practical recommendations about how to implement Design Thinking to produce innovative products and services.

Despite effective chemotherapy, fascioliasis remains a major public health problem in developing countries, with at least 17 million active infections, resulting in significant morbidity, late infection detection, and rapid reinfection after treatment. Therefore, alternative control strategies are mandatory. Proteases, myofibrillar proteins, are found only in invertebrates. In the present study, adult fresh Fasciola gigantica (F. gigantica) worms were homogenized; an antigen was purified and used to raise rabbit polyclonal antibodies (pAb). The purified pAb was then used in sandwich ELISA to detect Fasciola antigens in sera samples from a total 135 cattle.

This study was conducted to evaluate the dengue outbreaks pattern in spatial and temporal contexts and to identify the meteorological constraints behind the spread. The aim was to gain a complete picture of the scenario. The Lahore District was selected as the study area which was affected by mosquitoes to a great extent. Lahore is the second largest city of Pakistan with respect to ist population due to ist rapidly growing urbanization. The environmental factors affecting the spread of the disease have been identified and then mapped in a GIS based environment by using all the spatial and tabular data obtained from different sources. The factors affecting dengue spread were found to be Land Surface Temperature (LST), Land cover/Land use, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Temperature, Rainfall, and Population Density.

Socio-economic inequality is deeply rooted in Zimbabwe due to a number of factors. One of the main factors is the exclusion of socio-economic rights as justiciable under the now repealed Lancaster House Constitution (LHC). A plethora of excessive bureaucratic actions in a number of instances left many people stranded without the recourse to the law, particularly without protection by the Constitution. To correct this historic anomaly, the 2013 Constitution was enacted. The 2013 Constitution protects both civil and political rights and socio-economic rights in the same way as justiciable rights. This provides the highest degree of interdependence and interrelatedness of all rights in the domestic legal order. In order to ensure that socio-economic rights are effectively protected and enforced, this study identifies and discusses the framework for protecting socio-economic rights under the 2013 Constitution. Firstly, the specific rights protected under the Constitution and the obligations imposed by these rights are presented. Secondly, the role of the courts in the protection of socio-economic rights is discussed. Further, some of the major conceptual and practical challenges that are likely to arise in the adjudication of socio-economic rights are identified. In this regard, the study attempts to present solutions meant to overcome the conceptual and practical challenges that are faced in the enforcement of socio-economic rights. Furthermore, this study argues that strictly adopting one of the two models of review, namely either the reasonableness approach as adopted by South African courts or the minimum core approach as expounded by the United Nations Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), will inhibit the proper enforcement of the protected rights. Therefore, courts should consider adopting an integrated model that includes both approaches to ensure that socio-economic rights are effectively protected and realised.

The internet is a system of enormous technical and social complexity. It comprises a gigantic but almost invisible universe that includes thousands of networks, millions of computers, and billions of users around the world. The internet has widened its reach among people by taking them away from just using it for emails and chat rooms to giving them more alternative media tools to use from. It has given power to the masses to speak about their rights, share their views on particular topics or events, and showcase their abilities to the world. It also provides an opportunity to learn an endless amount of different things, viz. different languages, cuisines, arts, crafts, and much more. The internet can be whatever we make of it. We can shape and form it. But most importantly, we can use it to connect people, communities, and countries around the world. In 2014, India was the third-largest online market with more than 198 million internet users, ranked only behind China and the United States and declaring itself as a market not to be ignored on the global stage. Furthermore, men dominated internet usage with 61 percent, while only 39 percent of women used it. The average daily online usage in India amounted 5.1 hours. There are 345 million users in India, counted in January 2016. With the growing needs of humans, it has become a challenge for women to fulfill all their responsibilities and to perform all their roles at the same time. Therefore, their dependency on family members, helpers/maids, friends, neighbors, and the media has increased. Media here includes print (i.e. newspaper, magazine, tabloids), electronic (i.e. television, radio), and new media (i.e. internet and mobile technology). This study evaluates how the internet can help working women to perform their household responsibilities.