Böcker utgivna av American Medical Publishers

Vitamin C is a vital water-soluble vitamin, which is needed by a human body for a variety of metabolic functions. It is one of the most important nutrients required for treating common cold and cough. It is synthesized naturally in many animals but humans must consume vitamin C-rich meals to derive the vitamin-C. It is also utilized in repairing damaged tissues and for the production of crucial neurotransmitters. It plays a major role in appropriate functioning of the immune system. It is also utilized in the form of a cofactor for enzymes essential in the hydroxylation of lysine and proline to produce collagen. The lack of vitamin C can lead to decreased production of collagen that eventually results in the breakdown of body tissues, scaly skin, gingivitis, decreased wound healing, nosebleed, and decreased ability of the body to prevent infections. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of vitamin C and its impact on human health. The topics included herein on vitamin C are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Health informatics is the intersection of computer science, information science and health care. Its aim is to develop technologies and methods for processing, acquisition and study of patient data. This data is derived from various sources and modalities including medical scans, electronic health records and diagnostic test results. The healthcare sector faces multiple difficulties, which can be resolved or managed using computational techniques. Health informatics is a multidisciplinary field that involves the design and development of computational innovations for improving health care. It uses data, knowledge, and information for delivery and improvement of healthcare services, while enhancing the patient outcomes. Data analysis involves collecting, processing, and interpreting data, while informatics involves applying the information derived from analysis. The purpose of health informatics is to derive conclusions from healthcare information and support in decision-making. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of health informatics. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a systems perspective on the subject.

The diseases which impact the blood or heart vessels fall under the category of heart disease. It involves various conditions, which affect the normal heart function. Its types include arrhythmia, atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, congenital heart defects and heart infections. Symptoms of heart disease comprise chest pressure, chest pain, discomfort and tightness in chest. Its risk factors are a family history of heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, poor diet, high cholesterol, obesity, physical inactivity and stress. Treatment of heart diseases vary based on the type of disease and can be classified into three major categories, which are lifestyle changes, medications, and invasive procedures of surgery. Various advances in their treatment include genetic and stem cells techniques, which enable treatment at cellular and subcellular levels. Furthermore, highly sensitive and non-invasive imaging techniques are evolving in diagnostic imaging. The topics included in this book on heart diseases are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of these diseases.

The eyes are the sensory organs which gather light from the surroundings and transform it into nerve impulses. These signals are sent by the optic nerve to the brain, which interprets them to produce an image and enables sight. Vision and overall eye health can be enhanced by including minerals, vitamins and antioxidants in the diet. Zeaxanthin, lutein, vitamin E, vitamin C and zinc are some of the nutrients that are good for the eyes. These nutrients can help lower the chance of developing significant eye diseases, including cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. Most people can obtain all the nutrients they need for eye health by eating a varied diet that is rich in vegetables, fruits and lean meats. Some of the nutrient rich foods which are good for eye health are nuts, legumes, citrus fruits, carrots, beef, fish, seeds, leafy green vegetables and eggs. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of the relationship between diet, nutrition and the eye. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Retinal diseases are those diseases that affect the light-sensitive tissue found in the back side of the eye. There are various common retinal diseases and conditions, such as macular hole, retinal tear, epiretinal membrane, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal detachment, macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Several retinal diseases have some symptoms in common, which include distorted or blurred vision, lost vision, seeing floating specks or cobwebs, and defects in side vision. There are various risk factors of retinal diseases, which include having diabetes, or other diseases, aging, having a family history of retinal diseases, smoking, eye trauma, and obesity. Optical coherence tomography, wide-field retinal imaging and dilated retinal examination are a few of the tests used to diagnose retinal disease. The treatment of retinal disease can be complicated at times and can include various treatment options, such as implanting a retinal prosthesis, shrinking abnormal blood vessels, injecting gas or air into the eye, evacuating and replacing the fluid in the eye, using a laser surgery, or freezing. This book unravels the recent studies on retinal diseases. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Tumor viruses are members of six distinct families of animal viruses. They have the potential to cause cancer in animals and humans. Viruses which belong to five of the six families of tumor viruses have DNA genomes and are therefore called DNA tumor viruses. Retroviruses belong to the sixth family of tumor viruses that have RNA genomes in virus particles. These viruses replicate in infected cells through the synthesis of a DNA provirus. The viruses that cause cancers in humans are papillomaviruses which causes anogenital and cervical cancers, Epstein-Barr virus which causes nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt's lymphoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma related herpesvirus. The genomes of tumor viruses are small in size, which facilitate identification of genes inducing cancer and enhance the understanding of cancer on the molecular level. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital and emerging trends in the study of tumor viruses. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Natural medicine refers to a type of alternative medicine that includes nutrition and lifestyle counseling, homoeopathy, acupuncture, herbalism as well as other practices. It aims to stimulate the body's ability for self-healing and promotes the idea of returning to an innate balance. It also involves the prevention and treatment of health disorders by the use of natural materials, therapies and methods. These natural therapies and methods may include herbal medicine, clinical nutrition, as well as ancient medical systems including traditional Chinese medicine. Systems of natural medicine seek to include mild treatment methods that engage the emotions, mind and body to promote healing. The treatments used under natural medicine are appropriate for people of all ages and health stages. Natural medicine is most commonly used to treat patients who experience stress, exhaustion and problems associated to it, such as gastrointestinal diseases or other mild ailments. This book explores all the important aspects of natural medicine in the modern day. It covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around this domain. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The requirement of nutrients naturally rises at the time of pregnancy as compared to any other stage of women's life. Additional nutrients are essential throughout the time of gestation for the growth of maternal tissues which support the development of fetus. The constituents which are required for the fast development and growth of fetus rely on the supply from maternal diet. The nutrients required for a pregnant woman consist of zinc, thiamin, protein, vitamin B6, α-linolenic acid, niacin, iodine, folate, riboflavin and iron. The food consisting of these nutrients are beans, dark green or orange vegetables, nuts, grains and meat. Additional energy is needed for tissue deposition, moving a heavier body and an increase in the metabolic rate. Majority of the nutrients for fetal and maternal tissues are needed in the later stage of pregnancy. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of the role of nutrition during pregnancy. Those with an interest in this field of study would find it helpful.

Kidneys are two reddish-brown organs that are shaped like beans and are found in vertebrates. They are positioned on the right and left side of the retroperitoneal space. Kidney disease is a condition in which the kidneys get damaged. It often leads to kidney dysfunction to some extent and might become the reason for kidney failure, which results in complete damage of kidneys and their function. Kidney failure is called the final stage of kidney disease in which kidney transplant or dialysis is the only way to treat the damage. The patients of kidney disease which are in the initial stages must consume less amount of sodium. Some patients might be recommended to minimize the consumption of protein. Patients having kidney disease must take a diet containing vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, poultry, fish, beans, and dairy products low in fat. This book contains some path-breaking studies on the role of nutrition in liver diseases. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Clinical medicine is a medical field that involves the study of technical medical subjects and a practical experience of medicine. It covers a comprehensive understanding of a patient's medical status through observations, diagnosis, as well as treatment and management of real-life patients. In the field of clinical medicine, a patient's clinical history is documented through a series of different examinations and investigations. It also involves gaining knowledge from different sources such as a theoretical study of books and taught-courses. This knowledge is then applied to gain a comprehensive understanding of the medical condition of a patient. The physical diagnosis of a patient makes use of diagnostic devices such as tongue depressor, thermometer and stethoscope. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of clinical medicine. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of clinical medicine and related fields. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets medical science students and professionals.

An eating disorder refers to a type of mental disorder, which occurs due to abnormal eating behaviors affecting mental or physical health negatively. There are various types of eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), anorexia nervosa, pica, binge eating disorder, rumination syndrome and a group of other feeding or eating disorders. The treatment of eating disorders differs from disorder to disorder, and includes reducing excessive exercise, counseling, reduction of efforts to eliminate food, and dietary advice. Obesity is the state where excess body fat gets accumulated in the body, which results in negative impacts on human health. It is measured through body mass index (BMI) in which a person's weight is divided by the square of the person's height. It is a major cause of disability and also leads to various diseases and conditions like obstructive sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular diseases, certain types of cancer and type 2 diabetes. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about eating disorders and obesity through this book. It unravels the recent studies on these disorders. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field of study.

Geriatrics, or geriatric medicine, is a specialized branch of medical science that focuses on serving the health care needs of the elderly. The objective of this speciality is to prevent and treat diseases and disabilities in older adults for promoting their overall well-being. Geriatrics deals with the prevention, cure, and rehabilitation of the elderly. The study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive and biological aspects of aging is called gerontology. Aging is a biological process that causes a steady physiologic deterioration accompanied with disability and disease. It is characterized by the development of wrinkles, decline in fertility, reduced body mass, decreased mobility and strength, and gray hair. Adult stem cell transplantation, cloning, tissue transplantation, and gene therapy are currently being investigated as potential treatments for aging related diseases. Common diseases caused due to aging include diabetes, cancer, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and cardiovascular disease. This book presents the upcoming researches on geriatric medicine and gerontology. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Gestational diabetes is one of the types of diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy for the first time. It affects the cell's capability to use sugar, resulting in high blood sugar levels, which can affect the pregnancy and health of the baby. The most common cause of gestational diabetes is a change in hormone levels that makes it difficult for the body to efficiently process blood sugar. There are several complications associated with gestational diabetes, such as increased risk of breathing difficulties in infants, hypoglycemia, excessive birth weight, preterm birth and obesity. In certain cases it may also result in still birth. Diagnosis involves a screening test between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. Initial glucose challenge test and follow-up glucose tolerance testing are routine screening procedures for gestational diabetes. Treatment and management for gestational diabetes includes medication, blood sugar monitoring and certain lifestyle changes. Repeated ultrasounds for examining the growth and development of an infant become paramount in the course of treatment. This book provides comprehensive insights into gestational diabetes. It presents researches and studies on the nutritional aspects of this disease as well as its complications and treatment. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Gynecologic cancer or gynecological cancer is referred to as the cancer that begins in a woman's reproductive organs. There are five major types of cancer affecting a woman's reproductive organs, which include vaginal, ovarian, vulvar, cervical and uterine cancers. The common symptoms of gynecologic cancers are pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal bleeding, itching, burning, and sensitivity or soreness in the vulva. The tools and tests utilized to diagnose gynecologic cancer are determined by the type and location of the suspected cancer. The diagnosis also depends on other factors, such as the patient's medical history and overall health condition. Various types of diagnosis used in gynecologic cancer include transvaginal ultrasound, molecular tissue testing, endoscopy, tissue biopsies and body-fluid samples. They can be treated through a variety of methods, such as radiation therapy, surgery and chemotherapy. This book provides comprehensive insights on gynecological cancers. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective on the diagnosis and therapeutics of these types of cancer.

Fungal infection, also known as mycosis, is a disease that occurs due to fungi. On the basis of the body part affected by fungi, fungal infections are divided into systematic, superficial and subcutaneous. Symptoms of fungal infections range widely, generally a rash can appear in case of a superficial infection. There can be changes and lumps beneath the skin. Meningitis or symptoms similar to pneumonia can occur during a systematic or deeper infection. Fungal infections can happen when a spore is breathed in or comes in interaction with the skin, or when it enters the body via an injection, wound or cut. Treatment usually involves antifungal medicines, which can be an injection, oral medication or a cream, based on the type and extent of infection. In certain cases, treatment requires surgery to cut out infected tissue. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital aspects of fungal diseases. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Gastrointestinal absorption of a drug is a complex process which involves a series of sub-processes. It is also subject to different variables such as physiological factors and disease states. Passive non-ionic diffusion is the most prominent mechanism that plays a prominent role in the process of drug absorption. The difference in the concentration or the chemical potential across the membrane helps in the process of absorption. The cell membrane incorporates the non-ionized hydrophobic molecules between the long hydrocarbon chains through a dissolution-like process. As a result, the hydrophobic molecules are transferred into the absorptive cell. There are some other mechanisms that play a minor role in drug absorption. These mechanisms include pinocytosis, facilitated transport and passage through membrane pores. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the mechanism of gastrointestinal drug absorption. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers updated with the latest concepts in this area of study. The book is a vital tool for all researching this biological process.

Vitamins are organic molecules and essential micronutrients that are required by organisms in small quantities for appropriate functioning of their metabolism. Essential nutrients are usually not synthesized or if at all, are synthesized in insufficient quantities in the body of organisms. Therefore, organisms must obtain vitamins through proper diet. The majority of vitamins contain groups of related molecules known as vitamers. For instance, vitamin E has eight vitamers comprising four tocotrienols and four tocopherols. In humans, 13 vitamins are found. They are vitamins A, E, C, K, D, B1, B5, B9, B2, B12, B3, B7, and B9. The vitamins are classified as being either fat-soluble or water-soluble based on their solubility. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins, whereas all others are water-soluble. The fat soluble vitamins are absorbed by the body along with the fats. They are stored within the liver and the fatty tissue. This book explores the biochemistry and clinical applications of vitamins. Those in search of information to further their knowledge on fat soluble vitamins will be greatly assisted by it.

Fungal infection is referred to as a disease caused by fungi, which are microorganisms identified by chitin, a substance present in their cell walls. Some common types of fungal infections are ringworm infection, yeast infection, athlete's foot infection and onychomycosis. The risk of developing fungal infection is dependent upon environmental factors along with the processes happening inside the body, such as humidity and dampness, poor circulation of blood, menopause in women, skin or nail injury, and suppressed immune system. These infections can spread from one person to another. To prevent the spread of fungal infections, it is essential to maintain good hygiene. Preventive measures like washing hands often, keeping skin dry and clean, not using other people's personal care products, etc. can help in avoiding fungal infections. The topics included in this book on the diagnosis and management of fungal infections is of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Eating disorder is a form of a mental disorder that is characterized by abnormal eating habits. These disorders cause negative effect on an individual's mental or physical health. There are various types of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, muscle dysmorphia and binge eating disorder. Obesity is a complex disease caused by an eating disorder in which a person eats too much without enough physical activity. It can be caused by genetic, behavioral, metabolic and hormonal influences on body weight. The most common symptoms of eating disorders include fatigue, weakness and sensitivity to cold. Preventive measures focus on early identification of an eating disorder. Some of the most common treatments of eating disorders are cognitive behavioral therapy, recreation therapy, art therapy, medical nutrition therapy, dialectal behavioral therapy, and family therapy. This book contains some path-breaking studies on eating disorders and obesity. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights on the prevention and treatment of these medical conditions. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Endometriosis occurs when the tissue outlining the uterus from inside happens to grow outside the uterus. It affects the fallopian tubes, ovaries and the tissue lining the pelvis. The tissue similar to endometrial solidifies, breaks down and then bleeds with every menstrual cycle. However, in this condition there is no space for this tissue to exit the body and it gets trapped. Consequently, when this condition occurs in the ovaries, it creates cysts known as endometriomas. Pelvic pain often linked to mensuration is the primary indicator of endometriosis. Other symptoms and signs involve painful mensuration, painful intercourse, pain while urination or bowel movements, and infertility. Its diagnosis involves pelvic exam, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and laparoscopy. Endometriosis is generally treated through medicines, surgery or hormonal therapy, and it depends on the severity of symptoms. This book explores all the important aspects of endometriosis in the present day scenario. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of this disease.

Vitamins are the organic compounds essential for human health. They are classified as fat soluble vitamins which include vitamins A, D, E, and K, and water soluble vitamins which include vitamin C and all the B vitamins. Fat soluble vitamins are stored in the human body in the fatty tissue and liver. These vitamins can be stored in the body for days and in certain cases, reserves of these vitamins remain in the body for months. Dietary fats facilitate the absorption of fat soluble vitamins through the intestinal tract. Vitamin A is a fat soluble vitamin found in sources like broccoli, carrots, butter, sweet potatoes, kale, pumpkins, spinach, etc. The deficiency of vitamin A causes keratomalacia and night blindness. Vitamin D is another fat soluble vitamin important for the healthy mineralization of bones and its deficiency results in rickets and osteomalacia. The topics included in this book on fat-soluble vitamins are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Those in search of information to further their knowledge on the health impacts of fat soluble vitamins will be greatly assisted by it.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) refers to a type of neurologic condition, which causes the brain to shrink and brain cells to die over time. AD is the most frequent form of dementia in which a progressive loss in social, cognitive and behavioral abilities occurs that impairs a person's capacity to operate independently. The primary symptom of AD is forgetting recent events or discussions. A person with AD will have severe memory impairment, while losing the capacity to perform daily tasks, as the disease progress. Drug development for AD relies heavily on biomarkers and they can also be used to facilitate diagnosis, safety monitoring, demonstrating target engagement and supporting the modification of disease. AD is incurable due to its multifactorial and complex nature. Biomarkers aid in characterizing the baseline state, a therapy response or a disease process. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the assessment and management of Alzheimer's disease. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe.

Digital dentistry denotes utilization of dental devices or technologies, which incorporate computerized or digitally controlled components for carrying out various dental procedures, in place of using electrical or mechanical tools. It is helpful in performing dental procedures in an efficient manner, as compared to mechanical tools, for both diagnostic and restorative purposes. Digital technologies that are used in dentistry involve CAD/CAM, intraoral cameras, 3D printing, digital radiography, dental lasers, digital X-rays, etc. The image acquiring devices such as computer tomography, and intra and extra oral scanners are used to convert patient tissue shapes into 3D data. This data is further edited by making use of CAD software. Limitations of digitalization in the dental industry involve misunderstanding of the novel technologies, lack of motivation to adapt emerging technologies and cost. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex clinical applications of digitization in dentistry. It is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

Diabetes is a health condition that affects the blood sugar level in the body. There are three major types of diabetes, namely, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune reaction that hinders the production of insulin in the body. It usually affects children, teens and young adults, and it can be managed through daily intake of insulin. Type 2 diabetes is caused by the improper use of insulin by the body, which results in abnormal levels of blood sugar. It is usually seen in adults with no signs or symptoms. Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. Diabetes is linked to several complications like heart disease, stroke, nerve damage, kidney disease and vision loss. The most common symptoms of diabetes include an increase in thirst, frequent urination and a rise in appetite. Type 2 diabetes can be prevented by certain lifestyle changes like healthy eating, physical exercise and losing weight. This book provides comprehensive insights on diabetes as well as its complications, comorbidities and related disorders. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to a group of diseases that affect the blood vessels or the heart. CVDs include coronary artery diseases (CADs) such as myocardial infarction and angina. A few other CVDs include thromboembolic disease, abnormal heart rhythms, venous thrombosis, heart failure, valvular heart disease, hypertensive heart disease and peripheral artery disease. These diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of techniques, such as blood tests, chest X-ray and EEG. They can also be diagnosed through CT scans, MRI scans and cardiac catheterization. CVDs can be treated by introducing major lifestyle and dietary changes such as exercising, limiting alcohol consumption, eating healthy, avoiding tobacco smoke and making lifestyle changes. These preventative measures are also effective in treating other risk factors including diabetes, high blood pressure and blood lipids. Since influenza increases the likelihood of CVDs; administering influenza vaccination can help in reducing the chances of cardiovascular events. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of cardiovascular diseases and the latest advances with respect to their diagnosis and clinical management. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Dental materials comprise natural tissues and biocompatible synthetic materials that are utilized for restoring damaged, decayed and fractured teeth. They can be categorized as preventive materials, auxiliary materials or restorative materials. The study of dental materials encompasses a wide variety of terms, properties, compositions and microstructures that are used to forecast or describe the functioning of restorative and preventive biomaterials. Natural tissues like bone, enamel, cementum and dentin, and biocompatible synthetic materials like composite structures, polymers, ceramics and metals are used in dental procedures. Furthermore, materials including ceramic, amalgam and resin can be used to create crowns, fillings and other tooth restorations. Each material is suitable for a variety of applications and circumstances, and has different advantages and disadvantages. Dental materials are utilized in a variety of treatments including the reconstruction of teeth, removal of plaque, aesthetic intervention, implants and the treatment of caries. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about dental materials. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Blood is a type of body fluid found in the circulatory system of human beings and other vertebrates. It carries essential substances including oxygen and nutrients to the cells. It also carries-back the metabolic waste products and carbon dioxide from the cells to lungs, kidneys and digestive system to be removed by the body. Blood analysis refers to the laboratory investigation of a blood sample that helps to gather information about its chemical and physical properties. For carrying out blood analysis, blood sample is drawn from the veins of fingers, arms or earlobes. In certain cases, the blood cells of the bone marrow might also be examined. Micro devices have great potential for the growth of portable and point-of-care diagnostic devices, specifically for blood analysis. The development of micro and nano devices for the analysis of blood integrates numerous research fields including electronics, micro or nanotechnologies, medicine, informatics, mechanics, biotechnology, chemistry and optics. This book explores all the important aspects of blood analysis devices in the present day. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of hematology. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area.

The brain is an important organ that controls all the functions in the human body. It regulates everything, including emotions, hunger, thoughts, breathing, motor skills, memory, body temperature, and more. Therefore, even a minor injury, disease or infection in the brain can have a serious impact on a person's life. Neurological disorders are those conditions, which interfere with the normal functioning of the brain and hence the body. They can be caused by a variety of factors, including biochemical, structural and electrical abnormalities in the spinal cord, brain and other nerves. A surgical procedure named deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used for and treating various neurological symptoms like slowed movement, tremor, stiffness, walking problems and rigidity. It can also be utilized for treating focal epilepsy, dystonia and tremors. It involves the implantation of electrodes inside the brain. The electrical impulses produced by these electrodes are used for the regulation of abnormal impulses in the diseased brain. This book aims to understand the clinical perspectives of neurological disorders. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts. Different approaches, evaluations, and advanced studies on deep brain stimulation have been included in this book.

Dental implant is a procedure in which an intraoral prosthesis made from titanium screws is implanted into the jawbone to correct defects, like missing teeth, or missing hard or soft structures of the jaw. The principal dental implant prostheses include dental crown, dental bridge, dentures, palatal obturator and orthodontic appliance. The main objective of dental implant prosthetics is to enhance aesthetics, improve mastication and support speech. Fixed prosthodontics or removable dentures can be used for treatment, depending on the health condition of the patient. The angle and position of adjacent teeth determines the position where implants will be fixed. The position is assessed by utilizing computed tomography with CAM simulations, lab simulations and through surgical stents. This book covers in detail some existent and innovative concepts revolving around dental implant prosthetics. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Dental materials are special products designed for usage in dentistry. Various types of dental materials are used in dentistry and characteristics of these materials vary based on their intended purpose. Generally utilized dental materials include temporary dressings, cements, impression materials, lining materials and restorative materials. Temporary dressings are interim materials used as dental fillings, which are not meant to last long and have therapeutic properties, such as zinc oxide eugenol. Common usage of temporary dressing is done in root canal procedure, which is completed in more than one appointment. Dental cements are utilized majorly for indirect restorations, like binding crowns to the natural surface of the tooth. Materials that are used generally as dental cements include zinc oxide cement, zinc polycarboxylate cement, zinc phosphate cement, resin-based cement, glass ionomer cement and copper-based cement. Impression materials are used for obtaining negative imprints of soft tissues and teeth, which are used for casting positive representation. This book unravels the recent studies on dental materials. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge on the clinical applications of dental materials.