Böcker utgivna av American Medical Publishers

Cardiac electrophysiology is referred to as the science of describing, identifying and managing the electrical processes of the heart. The electrical system of the heart generates impulses that regulate the frequency of heartbeats. Electrophysiology studies are conducted to assess various arrhythmias, evaluate irregular electrocardiograms, and design treatments based on the assessment. There are several risks and complications associated with these diagnostic procedures such as heart attack, infection or bleeding, stroke, blood clots in the lungs or legs, and damage to the blood vessels or heart valves. Cardiac electrophysiology is occasionally carried out to estimate the risk of sudden cardiac death. There are various treatments of these conditions, which includes cardioverter-defibrillators, medicines, catheter ablation, pacemakers and other interventions. This book provides comprehensive insights on cardiac electrophysiology. It explores all the important aspects of computational modeling of the heart in the modern day. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area of study.

Immunotherapy refers to a treatment that utilizes immune system of the body to fight disease. This therapy has the capability to transform and boost the manner in which the immune system works, in order to find and attack cancer cells in the body. Various types of immunotherapy are utilized for treatment of cancer, such as immune system modulators, immune checkpoint inhibitors, treatment vaccines, T-cell transfer therapy and monoclonal antibodies. It can be administered in different ways, including intravesical, intravenous, topical and oral methods. Immunotherapy is a biological therapy, as it uses substances to treat cancer that are created from living organisms. However, it can have side effects, which can occur when the immune system has received the boost to fight against the cancer cells and it also attacks the healthy tissues and cells in the human body. This book unravels the recent studies on cancer and immunotherapy. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area of medicine.

Hepatology is a sub field of medicine that deals with the study, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases that affect the liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas. Liver cancers are a group of cancers that develop in the liver. There are several forms of liver cancers including primary liver cancer, secondary liver cancer, and benign liver tumors. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the major type of primary liver cancer that commonly develops in patients suffering from chronic liver diseases, such as cirrhosis. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common type of primary liver cancer that arises from cells lining the bile ducts. Secondary liver cancer is a cancerous tumor that has metastasized to the liver from a cancer in some other part of the body such as the stomach, breast, lung, or pancreas. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to cancers in hepatology. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for medical graduate and post graduate students.

The group of diseases involving abnormal growth of cell with the potential to spread to other parts of the body is termed as cancer. Abnormal cell division, and changes at the cellular, genetic and epigenetic levels indicate the process of cancer. Breast cancer is a cancer that develop from breast tissues. There are many symptoms of breast cancer such as change in breast shape, lump in breast, dimpling of skin, newly inverted nipple, fluid discharge from the nipple, or a red scaly patch of skin that indicates the development of breast cancer. Factors such as obesity, a lack of physical exercise, alcoholism, hormone replacement therapy during menopause, ionizing radiation, and a family history of breast cancer are some of its major risk factors. The treatment of breast cancer is surgery followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy. This book on breast cancer is a resource guide for researchers as well as students. The topics covered herein offer the readers new insights about the advances in cellular and molecular biology of breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that begins within the breast and can happen either in one or both breasts due to the aberrant growth of cells. Majority of the breast cancers are in situ carcinoma and invasive carcinoma. Symptoms of breast cancer include an increase or decrease in the size of one breast, change in position or shape of nipple, dimpling and puckering skin, rash around nipple and discharge from nipple. Some of the ways that can be adopted to decrease the risk factors of breast cancer are exercising, avoiding cancer-causing activities, such as smoking and drinking, and following a healthy diet. Diagnosis of breast cancer can be done by a biopsy and physical examination of the breasts. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts related to the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of breast cancer. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Premature birth or preterm birth refers to the birth of a baby before completing 37 weeks of gestation, as opposed to full term delivery of approximately 40 weeks. Preterm birth may lead to various problems such as increased threat of morbidity and mortality, brain damage, and cerebral palsy. There are various factors that lead to the development of brain injury in preterm infants. Factors such as perinatal asphyxia, infection/inflammation, chronic hypoxia, and exposure to treatments such as mechanical ventilation, and corticosteroids causes severe damage to parts of the brain. One of the conditions which are caused due to brain damage in preterm infants is cerebral palsy. Children suffering from cerebral palsy (CP) face problem with hearing, speaking, sensation and vision. A child with cerebral palsy has impaired muscle tone, reflexes, motor development, and coordination. Brain damage can be prevented partly through maternal immunization and minimization of head traumas in children. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of preterm birth and related brain damage, and the recent researches related to it. Researchers and students engaged in this area of study will be greatly assisted by it.

A brain tumor develops when the cells of brain start growing abnormally within the brain. These brain tumors may be malignant or benign. Primary brain tumors begin within the brain whereas secondary tumors usually spread from cancers outside the brain and are known as brain metastasis tumors. Symptoms of all types of brain tumors vary depending on the size of the tumor, rate of growth of tumor and part of the brain affected. Headaches, seizures, eyesight problems, vomiting, and mental abnormalities are some of the symptoms of brain tumor. Other signs and symptoms include trouble walking, speaking, numbness, or loss of consciousness. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are all options for treating brain tumors. This book includes some of the vital pieces of research works being conducted worldwide with respect to brain tumors. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of the brain tumors and their management. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Bones are living tissues that make up the skeletal structure of a body. They are made up of the collagen protein and calcium phosphate. Bone regeneration is a complex, well-organized physiological process of bone creation that may be seen during routine fracture healing, and continues to be remodeled throughout adulthood. It is dependent on three major phenomena, namely, osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osseointegration. Osteoinduction is a process that induces the formation of new bone from osteocompetent cells or cartilage. Osteoconduction is a process through which a bone grows onto a surface or into a structure. Osseointegration refers to the direct structural and functional connection that is established between a living bone and the surface of a load-carrying implant. The novel techniques in bone regeneration include distraction osteogenesis, bone transport, use of bone-grafting methods, Masquelet technique and the use of biomaterials for bone regeneration. This book unfolds the innovative research and studies related to bone regeneration. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers engaged in this field of study.

Brain aging refers to the structural, chemical, and functional changes in the brain due to old age. It is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and cerebrovascular disease. Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease which results in short term memory loss, mood swings and disorientation. Diagnosis of this medical condition is conducted through diagnostic imaging, medical history and behavioral observations. Imagining techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) are utilized for extensive imaging of tau tangles and amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in order to predict the likelihood of Alzheimer's disease. There is no known cure for this disease, therefore clinical and translational research focuses on clinical trials for studying the safety and efficiency of upcoming therapies. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to clinical and translational research on brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area.

Interoception is the sense of the internal state of the body. It is the process of receiving, accessing, and evaluating internal bodily signals, which can be conscious and non-conscious. It is critical for maintaining homeostatic conditions in the body. Interoception is presented in relation to well-being, since it is assumed to be intimately linked to self-regulation. It is developed to assist organisms in maintaining homeostasis. Emotionally balanced body signals play a role in larger mood states, which supports emotional balance in modern lifecycle. The level to which a person is sensitive towards the interoceptive signals, affects the decision making capability of that person. Although, high sensitivity comes at a cost, increased interoceptive sensation can contribute to feelings of anxiety. Therefore, interoceptive sensitivity can either contribute to or detract from happiness, which implies the need for direction in modulating significant visceral signals. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored conscious aspects of interoception. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

A condition that affects the human skeletal system, making bones weaker and vulnerable to fractures is termed as a bone disease. There are several types of bone diseases including osteoporosis, metabolic bone diseases, fracture, stress fracture, bone cancer and scoliosis. Osteoporosis is one of most common bone conditions that cause a loss of bone due to weakened bones. Metabolic bone diseases lead to abnormal bone mass or structure caused by deficiency of a mineral or vitamin. Scoliosis is an abnormal condition in which there is side to side curvature of the spine that results in S- or C-shaped curvature when seen from behind. A number of factors such as age, occupation, environmental factors and genetics play a significant role in bone diseases. The risk of osteoporosis increases in people having low sun exposure and deficiency of vitamin D. The symptoms of these diseases include joint stiffness (arthritis), decreased range of motion, fatigue, and whole body symptoms (rheumatoid arthritis), etc. Physical activity can prove beneficial in the treatment and management of bone diseases. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to bone diseases have been included in this book. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Birth control is a method or device used for preventing pregnancy. Reproductive medicine is a sub field of medicine associated with the male and female reproductive systems. It covers a wide range of reproductive conditions, such as the methods of birth control and assessment. It also deals with the treatment and prognosis of reproductive health disorders. There are several birth control measures such as sterilization, hormonal birth control, barrier methods, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and behavioral methods. All these birth control measures are used before or during sexual intercourse. Emergency contraceptive is another method used to prevent pregnancy following unprotected sexual intercourse or when other methods of regular contraception have been used in an improper manner. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of birth control and reproductive medicine. It is a resource guide for researchers as well as students involved in the this area of study.

Human body contains a hollow organ in the lower abdomen known as the bladder. The function of the bladder is to store urine. Bladder diseases are a group of medical conditions or diseases that affect the bladder. There are several forms of bladder diseases including cystitis, bladder cancer, overactive bladder, urinary incontinence (UI) and interstitial cystitis. UI are problems associated with the loss of bladder control. Some symptoms of UI include an inability to control urine, strong urge to urinate, bed-wetting, and leaking urine during routine activities such as lifting, bending, coughing or exercising. Interstitial cystitis is a chronic condition in which a person experiences painful urinary symptoms, such as pressure, discomfort and tenderness or pain in the areas of bladder, pelvis and lower abdomen. The diagnosis of bladder diseases is completed with the help of urine tests and X-rays. Doctors also examine the bladder wall and urethra with an instrument known as cystoscope. Usually, the treatment of bladder diseases involves the use of medications. However, some severe cases are treated with the help of surgery. This book provides a detailed explanation of the assessment methods and therapeutics for bladder diseases. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which the interested readers can take up. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for students studying these diseases.

Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood into the vein of a patient. It is a therapeutic treatment used to restore blood or plasma volume after substantial bleeding, burns or trauma. Transfusion increases the quantity and concentration of red blood cells in anemic patients for improving the oxygen-carrying potential of the patient's blood. Transfusions are also used frequently as an important adjunct in various surgical operations where patients lose considerable volumes of whole blood that must be restored. Some of the important advancements in transfusion therapy include blood typing, pathogen screening and blood substitutes. Blood typing is a method of classifying blood in accordance with the distinctive inherited characteristics, related to the presence and absence of antibodies and antigens located on the surface of erythrocytes. There are various blood groups found in humans including ABO, Rh, Kidd, Kell, Duffy, MNS and Lewis group. The receiver and donor must have the same or compatible blood types. Therefore, identification of these variables has become critical in the context of blood transfusion. This book strives to provide a fair idea about blood transfusion and help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this area. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system is a subfield of biomechanics that examines the behavior of isolated tissues and structures. It is also concerned with the study of their interactions to produce motion functions and stability. The human musculoskeletal system is the organ system that allows humans to move by utilizing their muscular and skeletal systems. It gives support, mobility, shape and stability to the body. The musculoskeletal system is composed of muscles, tendons, joints, cartilage, ligaments, bones of the skeleton, and other connective tissue. These tissues are helpful in supporting and connecting organs and tissues together. The three primary functions of the musculoskeletal system are to protect vital organs, support the body and provide motion. This book unravels the recent studies on the biomechanics of the human musculoskeletal system. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to this area of study. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Bipolar disorder refers to a type of mood disorder characterized by cycles of abnormally heightened happiness followed by episodes of depression that can continue from days to weeks. It can be classified into several types including cyclothymic disorder, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, etc. Mania is an elevated mood that is severe and is linked to psychosis, while hypomania is milder. Manic episodes that last at least a week are the defining symptom of bipolar I disorder, whereas hypomanic episodes characterize cyclothymic and bipolar II disorder. The diagnosis of bipolar disorder can be done using a variety of tools including blood tests, physical examination, a mental health assessment and examination of medical history. Bipolar disorder is treatable with a combination of factors such as adopting a healthy lifestyle, medication, appropriate medical care and talk therapy. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the study of bipolar disorder. It strives to provide a fair idea about this medical condition and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in its clinical management. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Biomarkers of aging refer to those biomarkers that can predict functional capacity at a later age more accurately than chronological age. Validated biomarkers of aging can enable interventions which can extend the lifespan, as any changes in the biomarkers can be observed during the life span of the organism. The levels of CD4 and CD8 memory T cells along with naive T cells are found to provide an estimate of lifespan. One of the significant biomarker of aging is the epigenetic clock, which has the capability to forecast human chronological age accurately. Some of the other prominent biomarkers of determining brain aging are proteomic clocks and neuroimaging age predictors. Furthermore, cell counts and blood chemistry can also be used for predicting chronological age accurately. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the biomarker studies in brain aging. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this area of study have been included herein. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Biomechanics refers to the study of motion, structure and function of mechanical aspects of biological systems, at the cellular level or the level of organism as a whole. The movement in organisms is regulated by motor control, which comprises directed movement and reflexes. The integration of multimodal sensory information from proprioception and the external environment is needed to control the movement. The nervous system generates necessary signals for the muscles to carry out a specific task. Motor control is significant in organisms for interacting with external world, to carry out required activities, as well as for stability, posture and balance. In humans, all the movements require motor neurons to trigger action potentials, which cause the contractions of required muscles. The coordination of muscles is triggered by the impulses sent by motor cortex towards the motor units. This results in production of movements by a subset of muscles contracting in precise pattern temporarily for generating force at the right time. This book contains some path-breaking studies on biomechanics and motor control. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

A bioactive compound is a type of chemical that can be found in plants and specific foods including nuts, whole grains, fruits, oils and vegetables in small amounts. The actions of bioactive compounds in the body can encourage good health. These compounds are studied in pharmaceutical sciences to treat a variety of medical conditions. Tannins, lycopene, lignan, indoles and resveratrol are few examples of bioactive compounds. Natural products derived from bacteria, marine life, plants, fungi, animals and other organisms are a valuable resource for drug discovery and development. Bioactive natural products have a wide range of biological activities that are beneficial to human health, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibiotic, biofilm inhibitory effects, antifungal and immunosuppressive properties. Different natural products from both terrestrial and marine organisms have been identified and characterized, as these products have unique chemical structures and noteworthy biological functions. This book aims to understand the role of bioactive natural products in drug discovery. Researchers and students engaged in drug discovery will be assisted by it.

Surgery is a branch of medicine that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury. There are several surgical procedures commonly categorized by urgency, type of procedure, body system involved, the degree of invasiveness and special instrumentation. Some of the most important advances in surgery include minimally invasive surgeries and robotics, which have been possible due to contributions of both engineers and surgeons. Minimally invasive surgery is a surgical technique characterized by small incisions, quicker healing, lower pain and reduced risk of infection. These surgeries are guided by laparoscopic or arthroscopic devices, large scale display panel, and remote-control manipulation of instruments. Refractive eye surgery, cryosurgery, keyhole surgery and stereotactic surgery are some examples of minimally invasive surgical procedures. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about bioengineering innovations for surgery. It aims to present researches that have transformed this area of medicine and aided in its advancement. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

The collection of subcortical nuclei which handle motor control, motor learning, executive behaviors and functions, and emotions is known as the basal ganglia. It is situated at the base of the forebrain and above the midbrain. The striatum, which includes the dorsal striatum and ventral striatum, the globus pallidus, the ventral pallidum, the substantia nigra, and the subthalamic nucleus are its principal functional components. Each of these components has a complicated internal anatomical and neurochemical organization. The striatum gets input from various brain areas beyond the basal ganglia but only provides output to other components of the basal ganglia. The globus pallidus receives input from the striatum and gives inhibitory output to variety motor-related areas. This book explores all the important aspects of the basal ganglia. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the latest studies on this topic. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Binge eating disorder is an eating disorder characterized by frequent consumption of unusually large amounts of food and an inability to stop eating. Its common symptoms are eating large amounts of food without feeling hungry, eating alone due to feelings of embarrassment and shame, feelings of guilt or disgust with oneself, etc. There are multiple factors that can lead to an increased risk of developing binge eating disorder. Some of these factors are genetics, history of dieting, and psychological issues. Binge eating disorder is associated with complications, such as social isolation, obesity, and poor quality of life. The clinical assessment of binge eating disorders is performed with the help of physical examination, blood tests, and urine tests. Its treatment involves psychotherapy, medications, and behavioral weight-loss programs. This book outlines the clinical assessment and treatment for binge eating disorders. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Secretion refers to the movement of materials from one point to another. In bacterial species, secretion is the transport of effector molecules like toxins, enzymes or proteins from the cytoplasm to exterior of the bacterial cell. It is a crucial mechanism in bacterial functioning and operation for their survival and adaptability in their natural surroundings. Bacterial secretion systems are the protein complexes on the cell membranes of bacteria for secretion of substances. These protein secretion systems play the role of cellular devices utilized by pathogenic bacteria to secrete their virulence factors to attack the host cells. They may be categorized on the basis of their composition, activity and distinct structure. Usually, proteins may be secreted via two distinct processes. In one process, cytoplasm of the bacteria is translocated and delivered directly in the host from cell membrane. Whereas, in the second process, proteins are transported to the inner membrane, deposited on periplasm, and then transmitted to the host by the outer cell membrane. The topics included in this book on bacterial protein secretion systems are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, it targets medical students and professionals.

Bacterial toxins operate as independent molecular devices, targeting particular cells in an organism. They punch holes in the cell membrane and modify their intracellular components. Many bacterial toxins are strong human poisons, such as diphtheria, botulinum, Shiga and tetanus toxins. The lethality of a majority of the bacterial exotoxins can be compared with the lethality of endotoxin, snake venom and strychnine. They are multifunctional and self-programmed for reaching their target cells and organs. Due to this reason, they are significant pharmacological tools that can be used to treat various diseases. Diagnosis of various diseases depends on the identification and detection of toxins. Vaccines are made from chemically detoxified bacterial toxins and certain properties of these toxins make them appropriate for therapeutic applications. Different pharmacological applications, evaluations, and advanced studies on bacterial toxins have been included in this book. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on bacterial toxins and their pathogenesis.

Bacteria can be found in almost every ecological niche on the planet. While most of them are harmless to humans, some of them can cause diseases, these bacteria are known as pathogenic bacteria. They have evolved sophisticated multi-protein secretion systems to interact with their environment. The proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria into the cells of their host are termed as bacterial effectors. The secretion systems play a significant role in bacterial competitiveness and the pathogenesis of a variety of clinically relevant opportunistic and professional human pathogens. A wide range of intracellular processes including phagocytosis, endocytic trafficking, secretory trafficking, secretory pathway, apoptosis, etc. are regulated by bacterial effectors. The topics included in this book on bacterial pathogens and their relationship with human diseases are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Bacterial physiology refers to a discipline concerning the life supporting processes and functions of the bacteria, which facilitate the growth and reproduction of the bacterial cells. Bacterial metabolism is a significant component of bacterial physiology, as it provides the means through which nutrients and energy is obtained by the bacteria for its survival and reproduction. Bacterial metabolism is focused on chemical diversity of dissimilation reactions and substrate oxidations, which create energy in the bacteria. Enzymatic reactions in bacterial cells are regulated by two models, which involve the regulation of enzyme activity and regulation of enzyme synthesis. The regulation of enzyme activity is involved in the modulation of biosynthetic pathways. The regulation of enzyme synthesis focuses on catabolite repression and enzyme induction, which control the degradative pathways. This book provides comprehensive insights into bacterial physiology and metabolism. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike.

An autoimmune disease is a health condition in which the body's immune system attacks the healthy tissues and organs instead of the harmful ones. This condition negatively impacts several parts of the body including the skin. There are several types of autoimmune skin diseases, namely, Behcet's disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, dermatomyositis, lichen planus, scleroderma, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, vasculitis, pemphigoid and pemphigus. Some common symptoms of autoimmune skin diseases are rashes, blisters, lesions, fatigue, and scaly patches. Generally, a biopsy is performed and blood tests can also be done for the diagnosis of autoimmune skin diseases. The treatment methods for these diseases vary according to the type of skin condition. Systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive treatments are commonly used to treat pemphigus and pemphigoid. Dapsone and a gluten free diet can be used to treat the condition of dermatitis herpetiformis. This book provides comprehensive insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of autoimmune skin diseases. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts, it targets students and medical professionals.

Autoimmune disorders are those health conditions in which the body's immune system attacks and damages the healthy tissues of the body. Some common types of autoimmune disorders are type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, Addison's disease, etc. The initial signs and symptoms of many autoimmune disorders share common similarity that includes fatigue, achy muscles, swelling and redness, low-grade fever, trouble concentrating, numbness and tingling in the hands and feet, etc. These disorders are diagnosed by performing antinuclear antibody test (ANA). There are no treatments available to cure autoimmune disorders, but some can help relieve the symptoms. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and naproxen, and immune-suppressing drugs are used to control the overactive immune response. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics of autoimmune disorders. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in the study of these disorders.

Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms. They can be found in nearly all places on Earth and are essential to the planet's ecosystems. The majority of bacteria in the body are harmless and even beneficial in certain cases, while a small number of species cause disease. Pathogenic bacteria are a group of disease causing bacteria. They are uniquely endowed and adapted with mechanisms for overcoming the body's natural defenses. They can also attack parts of the body where bacteria are not found often like the blood. There are many different mechanisms through which bacteria develop antimicrobial resistance, but the main cause of developing resistance is the abuse and overuse of antibiotics. The majority of pathogenic bacteria can be developed in cultures and are identified using Gram stain as well as other techniques. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to pathogenic bacteria. Students and professionals actively engaged in the study of resistance mechanisms of bacteria will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects how a person perceives and interacts with others, leading to problems in social interaction and communication. Limited and repetitive patterns of conduct are also part of the disorder. While autism is a lifelong disease, the extent to which these challenges limit a person's capacity to function varies from person to person. The term 'spectrum disorders' signifies the wide variety of symptoms and severity associated with autism. Genetic factors are primarily the reason for the disorder's occurrence. ASD appears early in childhood and is related to social, scholastic, and occupational challenges. Autism signs appear as early as the first year of life. Some of the complications linked with the disease include difficulties in school and successful learning, work issues, inability to live independently, social isolation, and family stress. This book is a collection of translational and clinical researches on autism. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about autism spectrum disorders.