Böcker utgivna av American Medical Publishers

Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) or pulmonary fibrosis is a group of lung conditions that involves inflammation and scarring or fibrosis of lung tissues. In this condition, it becomes difficult for the lungs to get enough oxygen. This condition results in shortness of breath and dry cough. The exact cause of ILD is unknown but several factors such as smoking, radiation treatment, certain drugs and medicines, certain connective tissue or collagen diseases, and sarcoidosis may contribute in its development. The common symptoms of ILD include bleeding in the lungs, extreme tiredness and weakness, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, and chest discomfort. The most common diagnostic methods used to determine ILD are pulmonary function tests such as spirometry and peak flow monitoring. Chest X-rays, blood tests, and bronchoscopy are some other tests to measure the ability of lungs to move air in and out. Treatment of ILD involves several forms of medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, lung transplant and surgery. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the clinical management of interstitial lung disease. For all those who are interested in this medical condition, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Androgen deficiency refers to a type of medical condition characterized by low levels of androgenic activity in the human body. It indicates that the level of male sex hormones, specifically testosterone, is lower than the requirement in a healthy adult. There are various signs and symptoms of androgen deficiency, such as exhaustion and lethargy, loss of body hair, diminished sex drive, melancholy, decreased ejaculate production, etc. It can be caused by impairments in testicles, hypothalamus or pituitary gland. The diagnosis of androgen deficiency is done by utilizing a variety of evaluations, such as blood tests, physical examinations, medical histories and other tests. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is used to treat androgen deficiency. Topical creams, oral medications, transdermal patches and intramuscular injections are examples of TRT procedures. It is a popular treatment for men who have symptomatic hypogonadism. This book unravels the recent studies on testosterone replacement. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the assessment and management of androgen deficiency through testosterone replacement. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition in which the cartilage between joints wears away and bones rub against each other without the natural cushioning. It is characterized by pain, stiffness, swelling and restricted ability to move. Osteoarthritis of the knee is a form of arthritis affecting the knee joint which usually occurs in people above the age of 45. However, it can also affect younger individuals. This may be due to genetic mutations that lend a susceptibility to the disease, obesity, inherited abnormalities around the knee joint, repetitive stress injuries and other clinical conditions such as excess growth hormone or iron overload disorders. Knee osteoarthritis can take several years to develop. It progresses in stages with symptoms ranging from minor to severe. An examination of the joints, evaluation of their range of motion, blood tests, fluid scan tests and MRI scans can help establish a diagnosis. The treatment of knee osteoarthritis depends on the stage of progression of the disease. Exercises that build strength and mobility, and acetaminophens can address early osteoarthritis. Physical therapy and the practice of wearing braces are recommended for managing mild symptoms. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of osteoarthritis of the knee joint and the recent researches in this condition. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different symptoms and effects of this condition, and their management strategies. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying knee osteoarthritis as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Arthroplasty is a surgical procedure within the domain of orthopedics. In this procedure, the articular surface of a musculoskeletal joint is replaced, remodeled or realigned by osteotomy. The aim of arthroplasty is to relieve pain and restore function to the joint after damage by arthritis or some other type of trauma. The most successful and common form of arthroplasty is the joint replacement arthroplasty. Other types of arthroplasty include interpositional arthroplasty, excisional arthroplasty, resurfacing arthroplasty, mold arthroplasty, etc. However, arthroplasty can cause various complications, such as deep vein thrombosis, infection, bleeding and periprosthetic fracture. The prosthesis selected in arthroplasty must be non-toxic yet resistant, compatible and durable. The technology has been improved in the recent years with a porous-coated prosthesis which helps in bonding to the body. This book strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying arthroplasty as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The medical imaging technology that is used for the non-invasive assessment of the function and structure of the cardiovascular system is referred to as cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). This imaging technique is helpful in evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic pathways in cardiovascular disease. The applications of cardiovascular MRI include the assessment of myocardial ischemia and viability, myocarditis, iron overload, congenital heart disease and vascular disease. CMR study includes a few techniques of imaging such as cine imaging for heart function, 4D flow CMR, adenosine for perfusion, etc. This book presents the complex subject of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

The branch of medical science which focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of the ailments of the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves is known as clinical neurology. Biomarkers within this field are utilized for various purposes which include, determining the stage of a disease, guiding clinical diagnosis, monitoring progression or response to therapy, and assessing the risk associated with the disease. The biomarkers which are studied within the field of clinical neurology are found in the cerebral spinal fluid, and are not detectable in the blood. The blood brain barrier closely protects the brain and provides protection from various harmful substances present in the bloodstream. This barrier makes blood tests inconvenient and makes the brain's chemistry inaccessible. Latest advances used for detection through biomarkers, are making the brain accessible while making the neurological disorders treatable. This book explores all the important aspects of clinical neurology in the modern day. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about the importance of biomarkers within this field.

Head and neck cancer includes any form of cancer that develops in the oral cavity, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, pharynx or salivary glands. Common symptoms of this type of cancer are persistent pain in the throat, a sensation of pain or difficulty when swallowing, jaw pain, a change in voice, persistent pain in the ear, etc. Diagnosis depends on specific signs and symptoms, and the results of blood tests. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are the imaging tests used to diagnose this disease. A histological examination and a microscopic inspection for the presence of cancerous cells can be performed through a biopsy of suspected cancerous lesions. Treatment for head and neck cancer is curated to the specific needs and general health of individual patients. Treatment and management may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex principles and practices in the clinical management of cancer of the head and neck. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Respiratory diseases are those diseases that affect the lungs and human respiratory system. Some common types of respiratory diseases include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, lung cancer and pneumonia. The common signs and symptoms of these diseases are cough, sputum, breathlessness, chest pain, fever, headache, vomiting and nausea, weight loss, and gastro intestinal reflex. Assessment tests such as bronchoscopy, chest tube procedure, CT scan, CT scan guided lung biopsy, endobronchial ultrasound, exhaled nitric oxide test, and lung function tests are performed to diagnose respiratory diseases. The treatments for respiratory diseases include medications, therapies and surgery. Endobronchial valve therapy is a minimally invasive treatment method that improves functioning of the lungs and reduces complications like shortness of breath. Severe cases of respiratory diseases are treated with lung transplantation. This book provides comprehensive insights into the clinical manifestations and assessment of respiratory diseases. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about these diseases through it.

Rheumatology refers to the medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases. It entails the study and treatment of conditions affecting the joints, as well as the ligaments, muscles and tendons that surround them. Rheumatic diseases are auto-immune and inflammatory conditions that include Lyme disease, dermatomyositis, vasculitis, sarcoidosis, arthritis, lupus erythematosus, etc. Rheumatology is also linked to soft tissue diseases, such as low back pain, olecranon bursitis and fibromyalgia. A variety of management techniques including occupational and physical therapy, rehabilitation, drug treatments and even surgery in extreme situations can be utilized for treating patients in rheumatology. Drug therapy includes opiates, antidepressants and anti-inflammatory medications. Patient care in rheumatology typically emphasizes on psychosocial interventions, patient education and self-management support. It also focuses on the physical components of the condition through assessments of physical health outcomes and biomarker review. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of rheumatology which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It covers in detail some existent theories and clinical concepts revolving around this domain. Those with an interest in this field would find this book helpful.

Urology is a medical specialty that focuses on the disorders affecting the female and male urinary tract systems. The main organs of the urinary tract are the bladder, kidneys and ureters. This discipline is also concerned with the male organs that are capable of producing children, such as scrotum, penis, prostate and testes. Urology is connected with a wide range of medical diseases ranging from urinary control to cancer. Kidney stones, prostate issues, urinary tract infections and issues with bladder control are a few examples of urologic disorders. Some of these disorders are temporary while others are chronic. Urology includes the treatment of disorders like prostate or bladder cancer, congenital anomalies, stress incontinence, kidney stones and traumatic injury through surgery. It also includes the clinical management of disorders like benign prostatic hyperplasia and urinary-tract infections. This book aims to understand the clinical perspectives of urology. It will provide significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of clinical management of urologic disorders. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area of medicine.

Bladder is a hollow organ in the lower abdomen. Its main function is to store urine and it can be affected by a variety of conditions. The most common types of bladder diseases include overactive bladder, cystitis, bladder cancer, urinary incontinence and interstitial cystitis. There are several signs and symptoms of bladder diseases, such as cloudy urine, blood in the urine, bladder leakage, urinating frequently in small amounts, pain during sexual intercourse, etc. The risk factors associated with bladder diseases include birth control, hormonal changes, hysterectomy, obesity, autoimmune disorders and medical conditions like diabetes. The diagnosis of bladder diseases is accomplished through various tests. These consist of using cystoscope for inspection of the bladder wall, urine tests and X-rays. Treatment is determined by the cause of the issue and can include medications, and in extreme circumstances surgery can also be done. This book covers new techniques for the clinical diagnosis and management of bladder diseases. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts on this medical condition.

A fracture refers to a break in a bone, which can happen due to injuries, falls or car accidents. The common symptoms of a fracture are intense pain, deformity, swelling, bruising, or tenderness around the injury, difficulty in moving a limb, inability to move the affected part, and numbness. There are various types of fractures including avulsion fracture, comminuted fracture, fracture dislocation, hairline fracture, oblique fracture, and pathological fracture. The diagnosis involves physical examination and diagnostic tests like bone scan, X-ray, MRI and CT scan. The treatment of fractures involves covering the fractures with a hard protection such as a cast or splint. In some cases, the method of traction is used for aligning the bone that promotes the healing process. This method involves the use of pulleys and weights to stretch the muscles and tendons around the broken bone. Surgery is also a treatment option for severe cases of fractures. This book outlines the clinical assessment and treatment of fractures in detail. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Liver disease is a condition that can affect and damage liver function. There are various diseases that can affect the liver, which include hepatitis, fascioliasis, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease and liver cancer. Their symptoms depend on the cause and may include jaundice, altered consciousness and confusion, coagulopathy, and thrombocytopenia. Liver diseases also have bleeding symptoms that take place in gastrointestinal tract, which is a passageway from the mouth to the anus. There are various diseases affecting the gastrointestinal system, which include cancer, infections and inflammation. The diagnosis of liver diseases can be done by liver function tests while diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract diseases can be done by various imaging methods. Treatment of liver diseases includes medications such as ursodeoxycholic acid and steroid-based drugs, which strive to slow down the progression of the disease. Gastrointestinal tract diseases can be treated with medications and surgery in severe cases. This book contains some recent studies on liver and gastrointestinal tract diseases. Its aim is to present researches that have advanced the frontiers in the clinical management of these diseases.

Parasitology refers to the study of the biology of parasites and diseases caused by them. It is also concerned with their evolution, distribution, ecology, biochemistry, molecular biology and physiology along with the clinical aspects like host responses towards parasites. It studies various groups of parasites, including arthropods, protozoa and helminthes. Immunology involves the study of immune systems of the sapient species, animals, plants and humans. It has applications in various medical disciplines such as oncology, virology, parasitology and bacteriology. A parasite is a living organism that obtains its food from a host. The majority of parasites that reside inside and on the body of the host do not cause illness. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to parasitology and immunology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in these fields.

An eating disorder refers to a type of mental disorder characterized by abnormal eating habits that have a negative impact on a person's mental or physical health. People suffering from eating disorders may exhibit a wide range of symptoms, including food binges, severe dietary restriction and purging actions such as over exercising or vomiting. There are various types of eating disorders, such as bulimia nervosa, pica, avoidant or restrictive food intake disorder, anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder and rumination disorder. The risk factors associated with eating disorders include family history, psychological health, extracurricular activities, aging, excessive dieting and life transitions. Eating disorders can be diagnosed through physical and psychological assessments. The treatment plans of eating disorders are unique to each individual and include a combination of therapies. The treatment varies according to the disorder, which includes limiting excess exercising, counseling, reducing efforts to eliminate food, and dietary advice. This book seeks to provide a fair idea about eating disorders and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in their clinical management. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

A progressive deterioration of the liver functions for more than six months is referred to as chronic liver disease (CLD). The function of liver includes production of clotting factors and other proteins, detoxification of toxic substances of metabolism, and excretion of bile. The continuous process of CLD that includes inflammation, destruction, and regeneration of liver parenchyma results in fibrosis and cirrhosis. Diagnosis and treatment of CLD focuses on stopping the disease progression through a multidisciplinary approach. Abdominal ultrasound, CT scan, fibro scan, hepatic wedge pressure, endoscopy, EEG, TIPS, triphasic CT, and Doppler scan are some of the radiologic investigations that can be used to diagnose and evaluate CLD. Ultrasound of abdomen is the most common imaging tool used for CLD. Computed Tomography (CT) scan is used to detect a lesion in the liver whereas triphasic CT detects hepatocellular carcinoma. The management of CLD involves underlying cause correction, portal hypertension management, and specific treatments for individual diseases. The topics included in this book with respect to the diagnosis and treatments of chronic liver diseases are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on these diseases as well as for experts.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) refers to a type of bacteria that causes stomach infection. It is the leading cause of peptic ulcers, as well as gastritis and stomach cancer. This infection is common in children and its signs and symptoms are nausea, weight loss, loss of appetite, bloating, etc. The risk factors of H. pylori infection are associated with living situations and environment, including not having access to a consistent source of clean water and living with someone who has an H. pylori infection. Upper endoscopy, breath test and stool test are used to diagnose this infection. There are certain antibiotics that are utilized for treating H. pylori infection, including metronidazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative management strategies with respect to Helicobacter pylori infection. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers studying this infection. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover clinical aspects of Helicobacter pylori infection.

Chronic liver disease (CLD) refers to a gradual loss of liver tissues over time. This group of liver conditions includes fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver. It covers a diverse range of liver pathologies, such as hepatocellular carcinoma and inflammation. The signs and symptoms of CLD include exhaustion and weakness, yellowing of the skin, weight loss, vomiting, etc. Sharing contaminated syringes and needles, being overweight, taking certain prescription drugs, and drinking excessive alcohol are some of the risk factors of CLD. Its diagnosis is done by liver biopsy, blood tests and imaging techniques. Cirrhosis treatment is determined by the cause and severity of liver damage. Treatment options for cirrhosis include weight loss, treatment for excessive alcohol dependency and medications to treat hepatitis. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core causes, evaluation and upcoming therapeutic techniques associated with chronic liver disease. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this condition.

Chronic liver disease (CLD) is characterized by a decline in the effective functioning of liver for more than six months. These functions of liver include the production of clotting factors and other proteins, bile excretion and the detoxification of toxic metabolic byproducts. Chronic viral hepatitis such as hepatitis B and C, hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the most common types of CLD. Dark urine color, chronic weariness, loss of appetite, pale stool color, vomiting or nausea, and itchy skin are some its major symptoms. These diseases are caused due to factors such as high cholesterol, infections, episodes of heart failure, alcohol misuse, viruses, etc. The diagnosis of CLD may be confirmed by a liver biopsy and blood tests. The treatment of CLD is determined by its cause. Medications such as interferon, bile acids, corticosteroids, antivirals and other medicines may be used to treat particular conditions of CLD. This book presents the latest researches on chronic liver disease. It covers techniques for clinical assessment and treatment of this disease. Researchers and students studying these diseases will be assisted by this book.

Chemoinformatics is a relatively recent approach to chemistry based on computational analysis to analyze data about chemical and molecular structures. An examination of data helps in determining the relationship among chemical structures, chemical characteristics, and molecular activity of new drugs. Chemoinformatics is an in-silico technique, which implies that it is a type of scientific investigation that is done with the help of computers and simulations. A typical drug development process begins by selecting a disease to target, followed by the search for potential compounds and molecules that can be used to cure or reduce the severity of the disease. This is accomplished by screening the different procedures for examining the efficacy of various compounds and molecules in stopping a biochemical mechanism. It leads to significant improvement in terms of cost, time, and difficulty in discovery of new drugs. The different techniques used in chemoinformatics are virtual screening, high throughput screening (HTS), and in silico ADMET. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of chemoinformatics. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) or myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) is a complicated disorder characterized by unexplained extreme fatigue that stays for at least six months. The cause for such condition cannot be correlated with any underlying medical condition. The fatigue increases with physical or mental activity and it does not improve with rest. The common symptoms include fatigue, problems with memory or concentration, sore throat, and headaches. Several factors may cause CFS. Potential reasons involve viral infections, immune system problems, hormonal imbalances, and physical or emotional trauma. CFS cannot be diagnosed as there is no single test for this purpose. In some medical conditions such as anemia, diabetes, and hypothyroidism, fatigue is the common symptom. The exact condition causing fatigue can be diagnosed by lab tests. Counselling therapy, exercise, and proper resolution of sleep problems can help in relieving the CFS. Exercise that starts at a very low intensity and increases very gradually over time may be helpful in improving long-term function. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to CFS. It provides significant information of the clinical aspects of chronic fatigue syndrome to help develop a good understanding for its diagnosis and treatment. Those with an interest in this field would find this book helpful.

The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the spinal cord and brain. The cranium protects the brain, which is contained in the skull. The brain and spinal cord are connected, and the spinal cord is located caudally to the brain. The vertebrae protect the spinal cord. Grey and white matter constitutes the CNS. Axons and oligodendrocytes make up the white matter, whereas neurons and unmyelinated fibers make up the grey matter. A CNS tumor is an abnormal growth of cells from the brain or spinal cord tissues. Vomiting, headaches, visual abnormalities, nausea, and convulsions are all common symptoms of CNS tumors. Risk factors that may lead to CNS tumors include radiation exposure, genetic disorder, immunodeficiency, and a history of previous cancers. A CNS tumor can be diagnosed using neurological examination of body reflexes, muscle strength, vision and eye movements, X-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), or biopsy. This book contains some path-breaking studies on central nervous tumors. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is an early childhood disorder. The major cause of the disease is abnormal development or damage to the parts of the developing brain responsible for controlling movement, balance, and posture. Children suffering from this disease face problem with hearing, speaking, sensation, and vision. A child with cerebral palsy has impaired muscle tone, reflexes, stiff muscles, weak muscles, tremors, motor development, and coordination. The neurological damage is permanent, whereas the orthopedic symptoms are secondary and gradual. Uneven development between muscle-tendon units and bone leads to bone and joint abnormalities in cerebral palsy. CP can be prevented partly through maternal immunization and minimization of head traumas in children through increased safety. Although there is no known cure for CP, many people may benefit from supportive therapy, medicine, and surgery. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy can also prove beneficial in managing the condition. This book unravels the recent studies on cerebral palsy. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers. This book explores all the important aspects and challenges related to treatment and management of cerebral palsy.

antineoplastic agents are used to treat several types of cancer. They have the potential to alkylate many molecules, including proteins, RNA and DNA, which is the primary cause for their anti-cancer effect. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most emerging trends in the field of anticancer drugs. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is an invaluable resource for cancer researchers, medicinal chemists and other biomedical scientists involved in the development of new anticancer therapies.

Nursing is a health-care profession dedicated to assisting individuals, families, and communities in achieving, maintaining, or regaining maximum health and quality of life. It also plays an important role in teaching, situation assessment, and support. Nursing differs from other health-care professionals in terms of patient care, education, and scope of practice. In the context of providing care to the older people, nursing involves maintaining effective communication with the patients, which in turn is helpful in obtaining patient outcomes. Caring for the elderly requires the usage of appropriate body language, exercising the patient, showing respect, listening actively to the patient, recognizing sensory challenges, and showing empathy. This book provides comprehensive insights on caring for older people. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the studies on this area of nursing practice. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The nervous system is a highly complex network of nerves that coordinates actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from various parts of the body. Random molecular damage that steadily accumulates with age drives the ageing process at the cellular level. Many molecular mechanisms are involved and exogenous factors, like stress, also play a role in the aging process. The nervous system at the cellular level comprises a special cell called a neuron, which transmits signals to the other cells. Many physical, chemical, or biological changes in the status of neurons characterize brain aging. It is manifested in the form of deterioration in cognitive function and dementia. Dendritic regression in pyramidal neurons, synaptic atrophy, decrease of striatal dopamine receptors, accumulation of fluorescent pigments, cytoskeletal abnormalities, and reactive astrocytes and microglia are the common features of brain aging. The consequence of molecular and cellular alterations in brain aging is characterized by a plethora of anatomical changes, such as significant neuronal loss in hippocampus and neocortex. This book provides comprehensive insights on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of aging. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about this area of study.

Cardiac fibrosis is the excess deposition of extracellular matrix in the cardiac muscle. It can also be used to imply an abnormal thickening of the heart valves due to the multiplication of cardiac fibroblasts. Fibrocyte cells play a crucial role in providing structural support to the heart, apart from releasing collagen. In a situation where this process is over-activated, it produces an increased amount of collagen which leads to the thickening and fibrosis of the valve. The right-sided heart failure and valvular dysfunction are the major consequences of the thickening and loss of flexibility in the cardiac muscle. There are three different types of myocardial fibrosis, namely, interstitial fibrosis, subepicardial fibrosis, and replacement fibrosis. The objective of cardiac fibrosis treatment is to prevent the production of serotonin, which is responsible for producing archetype pattern of right-sided cardiac fibrosis. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of cardiac fibrosis and heart failure. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a group of diseases that affect the heart and its functions. Biomarkers or biological markers are measurable and quantifiable biological indicators of health and some diseases. They play a crucial role in the implication of assessments related to health and physiology that cover a plethora of parameters, including disease progression and risk, psychiatric disorders, disease diagnosis, and metabolic processes. A CVD biomarker is used to improve the optimal clinical management and treatment of the patient. Various cardiac enzymes act as cardiac biomarkers, which comprise myoglobin, troponin and creatine kinase. The heart releases cardiac biomarkers into the bloodstream when it experiences damage or stress due to lack of oxygen. These biomarkers assist in determining if symptoms are due to a myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure or some other health problems. Enzyme marker test is utilized to measure specific biomarkers in the blood. This book elucidates the role of cardiovascular biomarkers in pathophysiology and disease management. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for scholars and researchers.

Cardiovascular immunology involves the interaction of immune cells with cardiomyocytes, cardiac stromal cells and endothelial cells, which adjust their metabolism for supporting the continuing inflammatory process. The immune system has a crucial role in cardiac homeostasis and illness. If atherothrombotic occlusion disturbs oxygen transport, the downstream hypoxic tissues and cells begin to die within minutes. In case this condition remains untreated, the organism can succumb to stroke or myocardial infarction (MI). The immune system plays a significant role in cardiac growth, composition and function. The immune cells infiltrate the heart during gestation and remain in the myocardium where they perform vital housekeeping functions. A large numbers of immune cells are employed by the heart after a myocardial infarction, or in reaction to infection for promoting recovery, eliminating dying tissue and scavenging pathogens. Immune cells might cause irreparable harm in some cases which leads to heart failure. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital aspects in the field of cardiovascular immunology. Through it, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new aspects in this field.

Capsaicin is an active component of chili pepper plants that belongs to the genus capsicum. It works as a chemical irritant for mammals, including human beings. It creates a sensation of burning in the tissue with which it comes into contact. Capsaicin and associated alkaloids combine to form capsaicinoids, which are generated as secondary metabolites by chili peppers. They may work as deterrents against some specific mammals and fungi. Pure capsaicin is highly pungent, colorless, hydrophobic and crystalline to waxy solid compound. It is utilized for several purposes, such as an analgesic in topical ointments and dermal patches to relieve pain. It works as an effective medicine for lessening the signs of peripheral neuropathy like post-herpetic neuralgia. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the study of capsaicin. It includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights on the physiology and pharmacology of capsaicin.