Böcker av Lorenca Bejko

"Silenced Voices: The Battle for Human Dignity under Article 3 of the ECHR" is a profound exploration of the fight against torture and inhumane treatment within the context of the European Convention on Human Rights. Starting with the aftermath of war and the establishment of the ECHR, the book delves into the legal landscape shaped by Article 3's absolute stance against torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Through detailed analysis, the book scrutinizes the interpretations and significant legal precedents that have shaped the jurisprudence of Article 3. It sheds light on the challenges of applying these principles universally, offering a critical look at the successes and failures in its enforcement. Central to the narrative are the voices of the victims, whose harrowing experiences are not merely recounted but serve as a rallying cry for justice and empathy. Their stories, alongside expert legal commentary, paint a vivid picture of the ongoing violations of human rights and the relentless struggle to uphold them.

This book's idea was inspired by the widespread coverage of public diplomacy in the wake of September 11, 2001; this is an ideal time for diplomacy students to investigate this issue.Early on, the book demonstrated that there was still a significant lot of mystery surrounding public diplomacy (that is, the interaction between diplomats and the foreign publics with whom they engage), notably in the United States, where debate on the subject was particularly fierce.Since September 11th and the start of the Iraq War, public diplomacy has been the number one subject of discussion among US diplomats and policymakers. There is remarkably little scientific literature on the subject in the years after the end of the Cold War, despite the fact that various American think tanks have produced guidance studies on public diplomacy (some more valuable than others). Those interested in this issue have to sift through a deluge of brief analyses and suggestions for policymakers. A lack of understanding of underlying trends and a perspective on how official communication with foreign publics should be seen in the context of larger diplomatic practice is, nevertheless, a problem.

A diplomacia não é mais apenas domínio dos Estados. Diplomacia comercial, diplomacia econômica, diplomacia de negócios, diplomacia aberta, diplomacia coercitiva, diplomacia preventiva, diplomacia de bombardeiros, diplomacia do Pará, diplomacia cultural, diplomacia pública, diplomacia de celebridades, diplomacia esportiva e diplomacia parlamentar demonstram que o número de atores internacionais cresceu significativamente. Os parlamentos estão cada vez mais assumindo a liderança entre essa gama diversificada de atores diplomáticos. A diplomacia parlamentar está evoluindo de tal maneira que está mudando a percepção das pessoas sobre a diplomacia em geral, ao mesmo tempo em que aborda a lacuna democrática na política externa. A frase abrange todos os tipos de colaboração entre os membros dos parlamentos, bem como as muitas atividades ou reuniões no exterior das quais eles podem participar. Parlamentos e legisladores estão se tornando atores internacionais mais vitais e importantes, incentivando a colaboração, impulsionando a discussão política e participando ativamente da arena internacional. Os parlamentares participam regularmente de assembléias parlamentares de organizações internacionais e outros fóruns multilaterais.

A diplomacia é uma disciplina desafiante e dinâmica, e a arte dos assuntos consulares é um dos seus sub-domínios. Inclui a administração das relações diplomáticas, a negociação de acordos internacionais, e a protecção de pessoas que vivem fora do seu próprio país. Este é um campo que exige um conhecimento profundo da política internacional, sistemas jurídicos e normas culturais. A protecção das pessoas que residem noutros países é o foco fundamental do trabalho consular. Isto inclui oferecer ajuda aos residentes que se encontram numa situação precária, tais como os que foram detidos ou presos, os que foram vítimas de um crime, ou os que necessitam de tratamento médico. Para além disso, implica ajudar os cidadãos que procuram vistos ou outros documentos de viagem. As actividades consulares abrangem não só a prestação de ajuda às pessoas, mas também a negociação de acordos internacionais. A negociação de tratados, acordos comerciais, e outros acordos internacionais estão todos incluídos nesta categoria. Para além disto, implica a administração de relações diplomáticas entre diferentes nações.

La diplomatie n'est plus seulement l'apanage des États. La diplomatie commerciale, la diplomatie économique, la diplomatie d'affaires, la diplomatie ouverte, la diplomatie coercitive, la diplomatie préventive, la diplomatie des bombardiers, la paradiplomatie, la diplomatie culturelle, la diplomatie publique, la diplomatie des célébrités, la diplomatie sportive et la diplomatie parlementaire démontrent que le nombre d'acteurs internationaux a considérablement augmenté. Les parlements jouent de plus en plus le rôle de chef de file parmi cet éventail diversifié d'acteurs diplomatiques. La diplomatie parlementaire évolue de telle manière qu'elle modifie la perception qu'ont les gens de la diplomatie en général, tout en comblant simultanément le fossé démocratique en matière de politique étrangère. L'expression englobe tous les types de collaboration entre les parlementaires, ainsi que les nombreuses activités ou réunions à l'étranger auxquelles ils peuvent participer. Les parlements et les législateurs deviennent des acteurs internationaux de plus en plus vitaux et majeurs en encourageant la collaboration, en stimulant le débat politique et en participant activement à la scène internationale. Les parlementaires participent régulièrement aux assemblées parlementaires des organisations internationales et autres forums multilatéraux.

La diplomatie est une discipline stimulante et dynamique, et l'art des affaires consulaires est l'un de ses sous-domaines. Elle comprend l'administration des relations diplomatiques, la négociation d'accords internationaux et la protection des personnes qui vivent en dehors de leur pays. Ce domaine exige une connaissance approfondie de la politique internationale, des systèmes juridiques et des normes culturelles.La protection des personnes résidant dans d'autres pays est l'objectif fondamental du travail consulaire. Il s'agit notamment d'offrir une aide aux résidents qui se trouvent dans une situation précaire, comme ceux qui ont été arrêtés ou emprisonnés, ceux qui ont été victimes d'un crime ou ceux qui ont besoin d'un traitement médical. Les activités consulaires englobent non seulement l'aide aux personnes, mais aussi la négociation d'accords internationaux. La négociation de traités, d'accords commerciaux et d'autres accords internationaux est incluse dans cette catégorie. En outre, elle implique l'administration des relations diplomatiques entre différentes nations.

La diplomazia non è più solo dominio degli Stati. La diplomazia commerciale, la diplomazia economica, la diplomazia aziendale, la diplomazia aperta, la diplomazia coercitiva, la diplomazia preventiva, la diplomazia dei bombardieri, la diplomazia para, la diplomazia culturale, la diplomazia pubblica, la diplomazia delle celebrità, la diplomazia sportiva e la diplomazia parlamentare dimostrano che il numero di attori internazionali è cresciuto in modo significativo. I parlamenti assumono sempre più un ruolo guida in questa vasta gamma di attori diplomatici. La diplomazia parlamentare si sta evolvendo in modo tale da cambiare la percezione che le persone hanno della diplomazia in generale, affrontando contemporaneamente il divario democratico nella politica estera. La frase comprende tutti i tipi di collaborazione tra i membri dei parlamenti, nonché le numerose attività o riunioni all'estero a cui possono partecipare. Parlamenti e legislatori stanno diventando attori internazionali sempre più vitali e importanti, incoraggiando la collaborazione, stimolando il dibattito politico e partecipando attivamente all'arena internazionale. I parlamentari partecipano regolarmente alle assemblee parlamentari delle organizzazioni internazionali e ad altri forum multilaterali.

La diplomazia è una disciplina impegnativa e dinamica e l'arte degli affari consolari è uno dei suoi sottocampi. Comprende la gestione delle relazioni diplomatiche, la negoziazione di accordi internazionali e la tutela delle persone che vivono al di fuori del proprio Paese. Si tratta di un campo che richiede una conoscenza approfondita della politica internazionale, dei sistemi giuridici e delle norme culturali. La protezione delle persone che risiedono in altri Paesi è l'obiettivo fondamentale del lavoro consolare. Si tratta di offrire aiuto a chi si trova in una situazione precaria, come chi è stato arrestato o incarcerato, chi è stato vittima di un crimine o chi ha bisogno di cure mediche. Le attività consolari comprendono non solo l'assistenza alle persone, ma anche la negoziazione di accordi internazionali. La negoziazione di trattati, accordi commerciali e altri accordi internazionali sono tutti inclusi in questa categoria. Inoltre, comporta la gestione delle relazioni diplomatiche tra le diverse nazioni.

Diplomatie ist nicht mehr nur eine Domäne der Staaten. Commercial Diplomacy, Economic Diplomacy, Business Diplomacy, Open Diplomacy, Coercive Diplomacy, Preventive Diplomacy, Bomber Diplomacy, Para Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy, Public Diplomacy, Celebrity Diplomacy, Sports Diplomacy und Parliamentary Diplomacy zeigen, dass die Zahl der internationalen Akteure deutlich gewachsen ist. Die Parlamente übernehmen zunehmend die Führung unter diesen vielfältigen diplomatischen Akteuren. Die parlamentarische Diplomatie entwickelt sich in einer Weise, dass sie die Wahrnehmung der Menschen von Diplomatie im Allgemeinen verändert und gleichzeitig die demokratische Kluft in der Außenpolitik angeht. Der Ausdruck umfasst alle Arten der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Parlamentariern sowie die vielen Aktivitäten oder Treffen im Ausland, an denen sie teilnehmen können. Parlamente und Gesetzgeber werden zu wichtigeren und wichtigeren internationalen Akteuren, indem sie die Zusammenarbeit fördern, die politische Diskussion fördern und sich aktiv an der internationalen Arena beteiligen. Parlamentarier nehmen regelmäßig an parlamentarischen Versammlungen internationaler Organisationen und anderen multilateralen Foren teil.

Diplomatiq - äto slozhnaq i dinamichnaq disciplina, a iskusstwo konsul'skogo dela - odna iz ee podotraslej. Ono wklüchaet w sebq uprawlenie diplomaticheskimi otnosheniqmi, wedenie peregoworow po mezhdunarodnym soglasheniqm i zaschitu lic, prozhiwaüschih za predelami swoej strany. Jeto oblast', trebuüschaq glubokih znanij mezhdunarodnoj politiki, prawowyh sistem i kul'turnyh norm. Zaschita lüdej, prozhiwaüschih w drugih stranah, qwlqetsq osnownym naprawleniem konsul'skoj raboty. Jeto wklüchaet w sebq okazanie pomoschi zhitelqm, nahodqschimsq w opasnoj situacii, naprimer, arestowannym ili zaklüchennym w tür'mu, zhertwam prestuplenij ili tem, kto nuzhdaetsq w medicinskoj pomoschi. Konsul'skaq deqtel'nost' wklüchaet w sebq ne tol'ko okazanie pomoschi lüdqm, no i wedenie peregoworow o zaklüchenii mezhdunarodnyh soglashenij. V ätu kategoriü whodqt peregowory po dogoworam, torgowym soglasheniqm i drugim mezhdunarodnym soglasheniqm. Krome togo, konsul'skaq deqtel'nost' wklüchaet w sebq uprawlenie diplomaticheskimi otnosheniqmi mezhdu razlichnymi gosudarstwami.

Diplomatiq perestala byt' tol'ko prerogatiwoj gosudarstw. Kommercheskaq diplomatiq, äkonomicheskaq diplomatiq, delowaq diplomatiq, otkrytaq diplomatiq, prinuditel'naq diplomatiq, prewentiwnaq diplomatiq, bombardirowochnaq diplomatiq, paradiplomatiq, kul'turnaq diplomatiq, publichnaq diplomatiq, diplomatiq znamenitostej, sportiwnaq diplomatiq i parlamentskaq diplomatiq demonstriruüt, chto kolichestwo mezhdunarodnyh igrokow znachitel'no wyroslo. Parlamenty wse chasche berut na sebq weduschuü rol' sredi ätogo raznoobraznogo kruga diplomaticheskih igrokow. Parlamentskaq diplomatiq razwiwaetsq takim obrazom, chto menqet predstawlenie lüdej o diplomatii w celom, odnowremenno ustranqq demokraticheskij probel wo wneshnej politike. Jeta fraza ohwatywaet wse widy sotrudnichestwa mezhdu chlenami parlamenta, a takzhe mnogie zarubezhnye meropriqtiq ili wstrechi, w kotoryh oni mogut uchastwowat'. Parlamenty i zakonodateli stanowqtsq wse bolee wazhnymi i krupnymi mezhdunarodnymi igrokami blagodarq pooschreniü sotrudnichestwa, aktiwizacii politicheskih diskussij i aktiwnomu uchastiü na mezhdunarodnoj arene. Parlamentarii regulqrno uchastwuüt w parlamentskih assambleqh mezhdunarodnyh organizacij i drugih mnogostoronnih forumah.

Die Diplomatie ist eine anspruchsvolle und dynamische Disziplin, und die Kunst der konsularischen Angelegenheiten ist einer ihrer Teilbereiche. Sie umfasst die Verwaltung diplomatischer Beziehungen, das Aushandeln internationaler Abkommen und den Schutz von Personen, die außerhalb ihres eigenen Landes leben. Der Schutz von Menschen, die sich in anderen Ländern aufhalten, ist der grundlegende Schwerpunkt der konsularischen Arbeit. Dazu gehört die Unterstützung von Einwohnern, die sich in einer prekären Situation befinden, z. B. wenn sie verhaftet oder inhaftiert wurden, wenn sie Opfer eines Verbrechens geworden sind oder wenn sie eine medizinische Behandlung benötigen. Zu den konsularischen Tätigkeiten gehört nicht nur die Hilfe für Menschen, sondern auch die Aushandlung internationaler Abkommen. Das Aushandeln von Verträgen, Handelsabkommen und anderen internationalen Vereinbarungen fällt in diese Kategorie. Darüber hinaus geht es um die Verwaltung der diplomatischen Beziehungen zwischen verschiedenen Nationen.

Durante séculos, procedimentos de paz e tratados de paz têm sido utilizados para parar a guerra, promover a estabilidade, e fomentar um sentimento de unidade em todo o mundo. Certas componentes devem ser abordadas, acordadas e efectivamente executadas para que uma conclusão pacífica possa ser alcançada dentro de qualquer guerra em particular, frequentemente através do desenvolvimento de acordos oficiais conhecidos como tratados de paz. Este documento analisará o processo de negociação e implementação da paz, assim como a sua eficácia em termos de paz e estabilidade a longo prazo. O Processo de Paz e os Acordos de Paz tiveram uma influência substancial nas relações internacionais. A resolução pacífica de disputas através de discussões e acordos, segundo R Mac Ginty em International Politics (2010), foi há muito reconhecida como uma premissa básica nas relações internacionais. Isto é frequentemente visto sob a forma de Tratados de Paz, que são criados entre dois ou mais governos para a resolução de um conflito específico. Estes acordos têm o potencial de modificar as relações das partes, conduzindo talvez à formação de relações diplomáticas mais fortes.

Depuis des siècles, les procédures et les traités de paix ont été utilisés pour mettre fin à la guerre, promouvoir la stabilité et favoriser un sentiment d'unité à travers le monde. Certains éléments doivent être abordés, convenus et exécutés de manière efficace pour qu'une conclusion pacifique puisse être obtenue dans une guerre donnée, souvent par le biais de l'élaboration d'accords officiels connus sous le nom de traités de paix. Cet article examine le processus de négociation et de mise en ¿uvre de la paix, ainsi que son efficacité en termes de paix et de stabilité à long terme.Le processus de paix et les accords de paix ont eu une influence substantielle sur les relations internationales. Le règlement pacifique des différends par le biais de discussions et d'accords, selon R Mac Ginty dans International Politics (2010), a longtemps été reconnu comme un principe de base dans les relations internationales. Cela se traduit souvent par des traités de paix, conclus entre deux ou plusieurs gouvernements pour régler un conflit spécifique. Ces accords ont le potentiel de modifier les relations entre les parties, ce qui peut conduire à la formation de liens diplomatiques plus forts.

Per secoli, le procedure e i trattati di pace sono stati utilizzati per fermare la guerra, promuovere la stabilità e favorire un sentimento di unità in tutto il mondo. Affinché si possa giungere a una conclusione pacifica di una determinata guerra, è necessario affrontare, concordare ed eseguire efficacemente alcune componenti, spesso attraverso lo sviluppo di accordi ufficiali noti come trattati di pace. Questo articolo analizzerà il processo di negoziazione e attuazione della pace, nonché la sua efficacia in termini di pace e stabilità a lungo termine.Il processo di pace e gli accordi di pace hanno avuto un'influenza sostanziale sulle relazioni internazionali. La soluzione pacifica delle controversie attraverso discussioni e accordi, secondo R Mac Ginty in International Politics (2010), è stata a lungo riconosciuta come una premessa fondamentale nelle relazioni internazionali. Ciò si manifesta spesso sotto forma di trattati di pace, creati tra due o più governi per risolvere un conflitto specifico. Questi accordi hanno il potenziale di modificare le relazioni tra le parti, portando forse alla formazione di legami diplomatici più forti.

Seit Jahrhunderten werden Friedensverfahren und Friedensverträge eingesetzt, um Kriege zu beenden, Stabilität zu fördern und ein Gefühl der Einheit in der Welt zu schaffen. Damit ein Krieg friedlich beendet werden kann, müssen bestimmte Komponenten angesprochen, vereinbart und effektiv umgesetzt werden, häufig durch die Entwicklung offizieller Vereinbarungen, die als Friedensverträge bekannt sind. In diesem Beitrag wird der Prozess der Friedensverhandlung und -durchsetzung sowie seine Wirksamkeit im Hinblick auf langfristigen Frieden und Stabilität untersucht.Der Friedensprozess und die Friedensabkommen hatten einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die internationalen Beziehungen. Die friedliche Beilegung von Streitigkeiten durch Gespräche und Abkommen ist laut R. Mac Ginty in International Politics (2010) seit langem als eine Grundvoraussetzung in den internationalen Beziehungen anerkannt. Dies zeigt sich häufig in Form von Friedensverträgen, die zwischen zwei oder mehreren Regierungen zur Beilegung eines bestimmten Konflikts geschlossen werden. Diese Abkommen haben das Potenzial, die Beziehungen zwischen den Parteien zu verändern und vielleicht zur Bildung stärkerer diplomatischer Verbindungen zu führen.

Na protqzhenii mnogih wekow mirnye procedury i mirnye dogowory ispol'zowalis' dlq prekrascheniq wojny, ukrepleniq stabil'nosti i sozdaniq chuwstwa edinstwa wo wsem mire. Dlq mirnogo zawersheniq lüboj konkretnoj wojny neobhodimo rassmotret', soglasowat' i äffektiwno wypolnit' opredelennye komponenty, chasto putem razrabotki oficial'nyh soglashenij, izwestnyh kak mirnye dogowory. V dannoj stat'e budet rassmotren process peregoworow i osuschestwleniq mira, a takzhe ego äffektiwnost' s tochki zreniq dolgosrochnogo mira i stabil'nosti.Mirnyj process i mirnye soglasheniq okazali suschestwennoe wliqnie na mezhdunarodnye otnosheniq. Mirnoe uregulirowanie sporow posredstwom diskussij i soglashenij, soglasno R. Mak Dzhinti w knige "Mezhdunarodnaq politika" (2010), uzhe dawno priznano osnownoj predposylkoj mezhdunarodnyh otnoshenij. Jeto chasto mozhno uwidet' w forme mirnyh dogoworow, kotorye zaklüchaütsq mezhdu dwumq ili bolee prawitel'stwami dlq uregulirowaniq konkretnogo konflikta. Jeti soglasheniq sposobny izmenit' otnosheniq storon, wozmozhno, priwesti k formirowaniü bolee prochnyh diplomaticheskih swqzej.

Diplomacy is no longer only the domain of states. Commercial diplomacy, economic diplomacy, business diplomacy, open diplomacy, coercive diplomacy, preventive diplomacy, bomber diplomacy, Para diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, public diplomacy, celebrity diplomacy, sports diplomacy, and parliamentary diplomacy demonstrate that the number of international actors has grown significantly.Parliaments are increasingly taking the lead among this diverse range of diplomatic players. Parliamentary diplomacy is evolving in such a manner that it is changing people's perceptions of diplomacy in general, while simultaneously addressing the democratic gap in foreign policy. The phrase encompasses all types of collaboration among members of parliaments, as well as the many overseas activities or meetings in which they may participate. Parliaments and legislators are becoming as more vital and major international players through encouraging collaboration, boosting political discussion, and actively participating in the international arena. Parliamentarians regularly participate in parliamentary assemblies of international organizations and other multilateral forums.

For ages, peace procedures and peace treaties have been used to stop war, promote stability, and foster a feeling of oneness across the globe. Certain components must be addressed, agreed upon, and effectively executed in order for a peaceful conclusion to be accomplished within any particular war, frequently via the development of official agreements known as peace treaties. This paper will look at the process of negotiating and implementing peace, as well as its efficacy in terms of long-term peace and stability.The Peace Process and Peace Accords had a substantial influence on international relations. Peaceful settlement of disputes via discussions and accords, according to R Mac Ginty in International Politics (2010), has long been acknowledged as a basic premise in international relations. This is often seen in the form of Peace Treaties, which are created between two or more governments to settle a specific conflict. These agreements have the potential to modify the parties' relationships, perhaps leading to the formation of stronger diplomatic connections.

Diplomacy is a challenging and dynamic discipline, and the art of consular affairs is one of its subfields. It includes the administration of diplomatic relations, the negotiating of international agreements, and the protection of persons who are living outside their own country. This is a field that calls for an in-depth knowledge of international politics, legal systems, and cultural norms. Protection of people residing in other countries is the fundamental focus of consular work. This includes offering aid to residents who are in a precarious situation, such as those who have been arrested or jailed, those who have been the victims of a crime, or those who are in need of medical treatment. In addition to this, it entails assisting citizens who are looking for visas or other travel papers. Consular activities encompass not only the provision of aid to people, but also the negotiation of international accords. The negotiation of treaties, trade agreements, and other international accords are all included in this category. In addition to this, it entails the administration of diplomatic relations between different nations.

Europe has seen its fair share of wars and battles, therefore diplomacy is vital to the region's long-term security. Diplomacy has played an important part in European history, and this article will examine that role, examining its influence on molding European history and its relevance in settling wars in Europe.There has been a lot of talk in recent years about the importance of diplomacy in maintaining peace and stability in Europe, and about the necessity for international collaboration to forestall a return to violent war. N. Tocci writes that diplomacy is "a significant role in the process of constructing peace, not just in the European Union, but also in the broader European area" in his book "Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution in the European Union," published in 2007. Moreover, he claims, "diplomacy is vital in the process of conflict resolution and in the handling of crises" (Tocci, 2007). This is because diplomatic channels enable for governments to speak with one another in a way that is not aggressive, so facilitating the peaceful settlement of issues. In addition, governments may work together and coordinate their responses via diplomacy.

As Robin Lane suggests (British historian) ¿Post communism transition in Eastern Europe will be not considered complete until this regime will be successfully integrated with the European Union. As by such, Albania coming with a background of suffering one of the most Harshest dictatiorships freely compared with North Korea. Discussion of Albanian Integration into European Union. Questioned by countries with a crucial position in the global politics and display Albania is still a located geographically perfect in Europe but politically kept outside yet. After those ¿fences¿ of European Union those are three concern that reflects the issues of identity, security and economics. Relations between the European Union and Albania were set on a new basis in 1992, when a Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the EU and Albania was signed. Albania became eligible for funding under the EU Phare program6 and subsequently received EU funds under the external relations' aid scheme (1021 million Euro in the period 1991-2000). While in the first years it became apparent, that funding was given to Albania with very little long-term strategy.