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The book presents recent developments in the field of thermoelectric polymers and polymer composites. It focuses on the link between thermoelectric characteristics and material structure. Topics covered include chemical composition, microstructure, dopants, doping levels, methods of fabrication, thermoelectric effect, thermoelectric device conversion efficiency, and thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers.

With renewable and alternative energy sources becoming more and more important, and the growth in percentage of the overall energy used, biofuels production is more important than ever and is a huge part of taking up the slack in the transition from fossil fuels. This volume covers many of the newest state-of-the art processes, trends, and changes in the industry, combining information from many disciplines to deliver have-to-have solutions for the engineer or scientist's daily problems. Whether in the plant or in the classroom, this exciting new volume is a must-have for any engineer, scientist, student, or other industry professional working in biofuel production.

By going through this book, one can learn more about the usefulness of adopting renewable energies, particularly in light of the widespread use of wind-based devices. Here, we present an in-depth presentation of several developments in wind technological systems, focusing on applications and operational approaches. With the depletion of fossil fuel-based energy resources, the development of alternative sources of energy is becoming extremely crucial. Meanwhile, the planet is on the brink of an energy disaster due to the rapidly rising global need for energy. Additionally, the widespread usage of fossil fuel-based energy resources is aggravating global warming and harming the environment. However, there are reliable and eco-friendly substitutes to fossil fuels, for example wind and many other sustainable energies. Considering its low operational costs and easy accessibility, wind is among the most cost-effective and efficient renewable energies. With the increased use of wind energy, the need for storage has become critical. In addition to various storage procedures, fuel cells and batteries are two primary sources of compensation for RE systems. The wind technological system is on the cusp of development, but numerous improvements are required to make this technology overall cost-efficient. In this book, various energy storage and conversion methods for wind power applications are explored. Additionally, this work covers the costs associated with electrical output in wind-powered power plants as well as the financial and environmental plans that describe the installation of wind technology systems.

This book is centered on contemporary fundamental techniques for collecting solar radiation and the prospective applications that show how solar energy concentrators (SEC) can be used in a variety of systems and may provide significant economic and environmental benefits. Around the globe, there is a tremendous drive to investigate the viability of utilizing solar energy, particularly in regions with temperate zones. The usage of solar energy in many sectors has grown over the years. The ongoing quest for an alternate energy source in response to the apparent depletion of fossil resources is the driving factor behind this transition. Fossil fuels are far more widely used now than ever before despite their rising price. Although all forms of renewable energy are accessible, solar radiation is the most prevalent and easily accessible. Using solar energy for higher processing temperatures is difficult despite being the most common clean and affordable renewable energy source on the planet. For this, solar energy concentrators (SEC) are a promising technology that could be used to harness both heat and electricity for diversified industrial operations. SECs are devices that harvest solar radiation and direct it to a single point of concentration. This book presents the most up-to-date fundamental strategies for the collection of the sun's radiation. Moreover, SEC technical summaries are also evaluated concerning ongoing international assignments. Prominent applications are also featured to show the reader the scope of the SEC's applicability. The potential implementations demonstrate that CSE can be employed in a wide range of systems and may offer considerable economic and environmental advantages. By the end of this book, one will learn more about the significance of solar energy concentrators, the technologies that are related to them, and their plethora of applications.

Wastewater treatment plants are critical in protecting both the environment's resources and human health. A wastewater treatment plant's technological system focuses not only on the effectiveness of the treatment but on the costs and energy consumption of the entire system. Municipal wastewater treatment produces a significant amount of sewage sludge all over the world. The majority of this sludge's dry matter content is made up of organic compounds which are not toxic, and they consist of both primary and secondary (microbiological) sludge. There is also a substantial quantity of inorganic substances in the sludge, along with a small quantity of toxic matter. Also, various raw sewage treatment options can include energy production (heat, electricity, or biofuel) to reduce dependence on external energy supply during treatment. The most important options used for energy production from sewage and biomass can use the following approaches: anaerobic digestion, co-digestion, incineration with energy recovery, co-incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, supercritical (wet) oxidation, and hydrolysis. Generally, these processes or methods are cost-effective, but they can still have some setbacks related to the nature of the methods or the raw material used for conversion. There are also operating conditions to comply with to get a successful outcome. This book combines information from many disciplines related to wastewater treatment technologies to show how the circular economy approach can be used to achieve zero waste and produce energy that can be useful for plants and communities. This approach focuses on clean technologies for green energy resources such as biohydrogen, biofuels, and biogas from biomass and sewage sludge for zero waste production. This is aimed to also integrate the issue of energy demand and the one of energy production.

Perovskite supercapacitors have a promising future in the area of energy storage; due to their superior optoelectronic characteristics, simple device construction and increased efficiency. The book focuses on organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs); organometallic halides-based perovskite solar cells (OMHP-SCs); power conversion efficiency (PCE); ferroelectric-based perovskites; recycling of perovskite-based solar cell modules; lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs); and inorganic tin perovskite solar cells.

The book addresses the prospective, relevant, and original research developments in the ferroelectric, magnetic, and multiferroic fields. Ferroic materials have sparked widespread attention because they represent a broad spectrum of elementary physics and are employed in a plethora of fields, including flexible memory, enormous energy harvesting/storage, spintronic functionalities, spin caloritronics, and a large range of other multi-functional devices. With the application of new ferroic materials, strong room-temperature ferroelectricity with high saturation polarization may be established in ferroelectric materials, and magnetism with significant magnetization can be accomplished in magnetic materials. Furthermore, magnetoelectric interaction between ferroelectric and magnetic orderings is high in multiferroic materials, which could enable a wide range of innovative devices. Magnetic, ferroelectric, and multiferroic 2D materials with ultrathin characteristics above ambient temperature are often expected to enable future miniaturization of electronics beyond Moore's law for energy-efficient nanodevices. This book addresses the prospective, relevant, and original research developments in the ferroelectric, magnetic, and multiferroic fields. Audience The book will interest materials scientists, physicists, and engineers working in ferroic and multiferroic materials.

The book is concerned with the use of Artificial Intelligence in the discovery, production and application of new engineering materials. Topics covered include nano-robots, data mining, solar energy systems, materials genomics, polymer manufacturing, and energy conversion issues.

The book focuses on the applications of ion exchange resins in processes such as the separation and purification of proteins and vitamins, the selective separation of toxic metals and the separation and purification of bioactive molecules. Specific topics include drug delivery, clinical applications, water softening and sustained drug delivery.Keyword: Ion Exchange Resins, Protein Separation and Purification, Partition and Purgation of Vitamins, Toxic Heavy Metal Ions, Bioactive Molecules, Sustained Drug Release, Ion-Exchange Chromatography, Clinical Applications, Electrodialysis, Ultrasound, Water Softening.

The book presents recent remediation techniques for heavy metal contamination in wastewater, with a focus on recently-developed and sustainable materials such as metal oxides and their composites, two-dimensional materials, organic-inorganic ion exchange materials, nanomaterials, bagasse, and olive-oil waste chelating materials. Chapters also describe the analysis of heavy metals, membranes for water treatment, sources and impact of heavy metals and opportunities and challenges in heavy metal remediation.

This edited book compiles all category viewpoints in waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) dispersions, composites, characterizing techniques, and allied applications such as coatings, adhesives, sealants, anticorrosive, flame-retardant, and biomedical applications. The book brings together panels of highly accomplished experts in the field of advanced polymers for versatile applications. It encompasses basic studies and addresses topics of novel issues which cover all the aspects in one place. The book is an invaluable guide to newcomers, research scholars, professors, and R&D industrial experts working in the field of polyurethane chemistry. Polyurethanes are excellent materials in coating technology owing to their chemical resistance, toughness, abrasion resistance, and mechanical stability. However, polyurethane dispersion contains volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) which are harmful to the environment. Hence, green chemistry research focuses on discovery of waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) and pay attention. WPUs have fascinated growing interest in wide range of industrial and commercial applications.

Handbook of Water Pollution discusses a wide range of contaminants heavily affecting our environment and water bodies. The chapters discuss heavy metals, metalloids, pesticides, explosives, toxic chemicals, dyes, plastics, e-wastes, fertilizers, detergents, nitrates/nitrites, phosphates, hydrocarbons, and fecal wastes, along with their sources of action against our environment, their methods of analysis, and finally, their treatments are all presented in detail. Our environment is heavily affected due to extreme human activities. Environmental pollution is a major concern worldwide. Within this, water pollution is one of the major challenges that puts the total ecology at risk. Water pollution is alarming everywhere; many governing authorities believe it is also an unavoidable result of human activity. However, the economic cost of water pollution far outweighs the benefits of skimping on its cause. Water pollution is not just merely related to financial cost but related to all living beings. Toxic waste is getting into the water bodies in various regions, causing many illnesses in humans and poisoning other living things. The destruction of any single component of our ecosystem can have a devastating effect on our biodiversity. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the causes of pollution, their nature and mechanism, and, at the same time, study the remedies. The major causes of water pollution are industrial waste, sewage, plastics, oil leakage, biological organisms, toxic chemicals and radioactive waste, and so on. A tremendous amount of research work is going on around the world to understand the causes, their mechanism, and solutions. Many new works are published every day, therefore it's important to gather some of the most relevant findings in one place. This will serve as a link between collected knowledge and current advancements, while also facilitating future thinking.

This book serves as a comprehensive guide to redox flow technologies, from their basic principles to their applications. As a result, this book provides a thorough review of craftsmanship in the subject, as well as the potential for future advances. As energy becomes a greater global concern, redox flow technology must be considered as a possibility. There is concern over energy shortages and rising air pollution, paving the way for renewable energies like solar and wind energy which have been extensively analyzed and evaluated in recent years. These renewable sources, on the other hand, are intermittent and frequently unpredictably available, resulting in low-quality output energy and a negative influence on grid stability. To date, diverse types of energy storage systems have been designed for various purposes, each with its own set of benefits and drawbacks. In recent years, redox flow technology, particularly vanadium redox flow, has progressed substantially. Experiments at various scales have been successfully carried out, proving the viability of redox flow technology in bulk energy storage applications. In addition, innovative redox flow technologies that offer more energy storage per unit mass or a more cost-effective volume of the storage device have attracted a lot of interest. This book is intended to serve as a comprehensive guide to redox flow technologies, from their basic principles to their applications. As a result, this book provides a thorough review of the craftsmanship in the subject, as well as the potential for future advances. Advanced redox flow technology has sparked interest in bulk energy storage due to its flexibility in design, safety in operation, efficient energy storage, and near-zero environmental impact. The technology has been extensively developed and tested at a range of levels in recent years, demonstrating its applicability and usage.

The book focuses on clay-based micro and nanocomposites with different synthetic polymers and presents their synthesis, characterization and testing. Keywords: Synthetic Polymer Composites, Nanoclay-based Polymer Nanocomposites, Hectorite, Nontronite-Starch, Reinforcement of Thermoplastics, Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Sonochemical Synthesis, Drug Delivery, Electromagnetic Interference Shielding, Flame Retardancy, Water Treatment.

Nutraceuticals: Sources, Processing Methods, Properties, and Applications explores the impact of nutraceutical compounds on human health and their main pharmacological contributions. Organized into three parts, this book addresses nutraceutical production, applications for disease prevention and treatment, and current trends, especially the role of nutraceuticals in cosmeceutical. Nutraceuticals are a class of products that can help people improve their health, reduce the risk of disease, extend their lives, and control the structure and functioning of their bodies. However, due to multiple hurdles that prevent nutraceuticals from circulating in an active form in the body, their use is associated with diminished therapeutic efficacy. Recognizing this problem, the book explores the root of the nutraceutical delivery system and its codelivery methods with a focus on medicines. With contributions from experienced nutraceutical experts, this book serves as a valuable reference for nutrition researchers, food scientists, pharmacologists, and those who are researching and studying in related areas.

DRUG DESIGN USING MACHINE LEARNINGThe use of machine learning algorithms in drug discovery has accelerated in recent years and this book provides an in-depth overview of the still-evolving field.The objective of this book is to bring together several chapters that function as an overview of the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence applied to drug development. The initial chapters discuss drug-target interactions through machine learning for improving drug delivery, healthcare, and medical systems. Further chapters also provide topics on drug repurposing through machine learning, drug designing, and ultimately discuss drug combinations prescribed for patients with multiple or complex ailments.This excellent overview* Provides a broad synopsis of machine learning and artificial intelligence applications to the advancement of drugs;* Details the use of molecular recognition for drug development through various mathematical models;* Highlights classical as well as machine learning-based approaches to study target-drug interactions in the field of drug discovery;* Explores computer-aided technics for prediction of drug effectiveness and toxicity.AudienceThe book will be useful for information technology professionals, pharmaceutical industry workers, engineers, university researchers, medical practitioners, and laboratory workers who have a keen interest in the area of machine learning and artificial intelligence approaches applied to drug advancements.

The book highlights the properties of sustainable materials for the production of commercial electrochemical capacitors. Sustainable Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors details the progress in the usage of ubiquitous environmentally sustainable materials. Due to their cost effectiveness, flexible forms, frequent accessibility, and environmentally friendly nature, electrochemical capacitors with significant surface areas of their carbon components are quite common. Many novel ways for using bio-derived components in highly efficient electrochemical capacitors are being established as a consequence of current research, and this book provides details of all these developments. The book provides: A broad overview of properties explored for the development of electrochemical capacitors; Introduces potential applications of electrochemical capacitors; Highlights sustainable materials exploited for the production of electrochemical capacitors; Presents commercial potential of electrochemical capacitors. Audience This is a useful guide for engineers, materials scientists, physicists, and innovators, who are linked to the development and applications of electrochemical capacitors.

The book describes the state-of-the-art analyses of high-density supercapacitors. In the near future, high-energy density materials will be required to accommodate the increased demand for gadgets, hybrid cars, and massive electrical energy storage systems. Fuel cells, supercapacitors, and batteries have the highest energy densities, but traditional capacitors have gained attention for intermittent energy harvesting owing to their high energy transfer rate and quick charging/discharging capability. The large amount of electric breakdown strength and modest remnant polarization are keys to the high energy density in dielectric capacitors. Above 100 C or 212 F, polymer dielectric capacitors become unstable and begin to suffer a dielectric breakdown. Hence, dielectric ceramics are the sole viable option for high-temperature applications. This book provides a basic understanding of dielectric-based energy harvesting. After a detailed analysis of the state-of-the-art, it proceeds to explain the specific strategies to enhance energy storage features, including managing the local structure and phases assembly, raising the dielectric width, and enhancing microstructure and electrical uniformity. Also discussed is the need for novel materials with applications in high-density supercapacitors. Audience The book is designed for engineers, industrialists, physicists, scientists, and researchers who work on the applications of high-density supercapacitors.

The second edition of Biosensors Nanotechnology comprises 20 chapters and discusses a wide range of applications exploited by biosensors based on nanoparticles including new domains of bionics, power production and computing. The biosensor industry began as a small, niche activity in the 1980s and has since developed into a large, global industry. Nanomaterials have substantially improved not only non-pharmaceutical and healthcare uses, but also telecommunications, paper, and textile manufacturing. Biological sensing assists in the understanding of living systems and is used in a variety of sectors, including medicine, drug discovery, process control, environmental monitoring, food safety, military and personal protection. It allows for new opportunities in bionics, power generation and computing, all of which will benefit from a greater understanding of the bio-electronic relationship, as advances in communications and computational modeling enable us to reconsider how healthcare is offered and R&D and manufacturing are enhanced. In this fast-evolving discipline, the combination of nanoscale materials with biosensor technology has gained a lot of traction. Nanostructures have been used to increase the adherence of biosensor materials to electrode surfaces, print nano barcodes on biomaterials, increase the pace of bio-responses, and amplify the electric signal. Some of the topics discussed in the book include: Bioreceptors for Cells; Bioreceptors for Enzymatic Interactions; Dendrimer-Based Nanomaterials for Biosensors; Biosensors in 2D Photonic Crystals; Bioreceptors for Affinity Binding in Theranostic Development; Biosensors for Glucose Monitoring; Metal-Free Quantum Dots-Based Nanomaterials for Biosensors; Bioreceptors for Microbial Biosensors; Plasmonic Nanomaterials in Sensors; Magnetic Biosensors; Biosensors for Salivary Biomarker Detection of Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases; Design and Development of Fluorescent Chemosensors for the Recognition of Biological Amines and Their Cell Imaging Studies; Application of Optical Nanoprobes for Supramolecular Biosensing; In Vivo Applications for Nanomaterials in Biosensors; Biosensor and Nanotechnology for Diagnosis of Breast Cancer; Bioreceptors for Antigen-Antibody Interactions; Biosensors for Paint and Pigment Analysis; Bioreceptors for Tissue; Biosensors for Pesticide Detection; and Advances in Biosensor Applications for Agroproducts Safety. Audience The book is written for a large and broad readership including researchers, industry engineers, and university graduate students from diverse backgrounds such as chemistry, materials science, physics, pharmacy, medical science, biomedical engineering, electronics engineering, and nanotechnology.

ELECTROMAGNETIC METAMATERIALSThe book presents an overview of metamaterials current state of development in several domains of application such as electromagnetics, electrical engineering, classical optics, microwave and antenna engineering, solid-state physics, materials sciences, and optoelectronics.Metamaterials have become a hot topic in the scientific community in recent years due to their remarkable electromagnetic properties. Metamaterials have the ability to alter electromagnetic and acoustic waves in ways that bulk materials cannot.Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Properties and Applications discusses a wide range of components to make metamaterial-engineered devices. It gives an overview of metamaterials' current stage of development in a variety of fields such as remote aerospace applications, medical appliances, sensor detectors and monitoring devices of infrastructure, crowd handling, smart solar panels, radomes, high-gain antennas lens, high-frequency communication on the battlefield, ultrasonic detectors, and structures to shield from earthquakes.AudienceResearchers and engineers in electromagnetic and electrical engineering, classical optics, microwave and antenna engineering, solid-state physics, materials sciences, and optoelectronics.

This exciting new volume, written and edited by some of the world's foremost experts in the field, provides up-to-date information about the chemical structure of essential oils, as well as their therapeutic and biological actions. It defines their functional uses while evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of their application in various sectors. Essential oils have been used by global communities for centuries, for different purposes such as medicinal, flavoring, preservatives, perfumery, aromatherapy, dentistry, cosmetics, insecticide, fungicide, and bactericide, among others. Essential oils are natural and biodegradable substances, usually non-toxic or with low toxicity to humans. Essential oils are botanical products that have volatile nature, known for their special odor, and found to be effective in the treatment of oxidative stress, cancer, epilepsy, skin allergies, indigestion, headache, insomnia, muscular pain, respiratory problems, etc. Essential oils principally enhance resistance to abiotic stress and protection against aquatic herbivores. They possess antimicrobial, antifungal, antitumor, and antioxidant properties. Essential oils are known to be volatile and susceptible to degradation from various ambient conditions, including temperature, air, light, and humidity, which limits their applications. Encapsulation is a proven technique that can protect essential oils and enable their use in various applications. This book aims to provide current knowledge on the chemical structure, therapeutic, and biological activities of essential oils, as well as to describe their functional uses and assess the benefits and drawbacks of their usage in various fields. By exploring the latest research on essential oils and their encapsulation, this book offers valuable insights and practical guidance for anyone interested in the science and application of these fascinating compounds.

Edited by one of the most well-respected and prolific engineers in the world and his team, this book provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogen production, conversion, and storage, offering the scientific literature a comprehensive coverage of this important fuel. Continually growing environmental concerns are driving every, or almost every, country on the planet towards cleaner and greener energy production. This ultimately leaves no option other than using hydrogen as a fuel that has almost no adverse environmental impact. But hydrogen poses several hazards in terms of human safety as its mixture of air is prone to potential detonations and fires. In addition, the permeability of cryogenic storage can induce frostbite as it leaks through metal pipes. In short, there are many challenges at every step to strive for emission-free fuel. In addition to these challenges, there are many emerging technologies in this area. For example, as the density of hydrogen is very low, efficient methods are being developed and engineered to store it in small volumes. This groundbreaking new volume describes the production of hydrogen from various sources along with the protagonist materials involved. Further, the extensive and novel materials involved in conversion technologies are discussed. Also covered here are the details of the storage materials of hydrogen for both physical and chemical systems. Both renewal and non-renewal sources are examined as feedstocks for the production of hydrogen. The non-renewal feedstocks, mainly petroleum, are the major contributor to date but there is a future perspective in a renewal source comprising mainly of water splitting via electrolysis, radiolysis, thermolysis, photocatalytic water splitting, and biohydrogen routes. Whether for the student, veteran engineer, new hire, or other industry professionals, this is a must-have for any library.

PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLSEdited by one of the most well-respected and prolific engineers in the world and his team, this book provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogen production, conversion, and storage, offering the scientific literature a comprehensive coverage of this important fuel.Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are among the most anticipated stationary clean energy devices in renewable and alternative energy. Despite the appreciable improvement in their cost and durability, which are the two major commercialization barriers, their availability has not matched demand. This is mainly due to the use of expensive metal-catalyst, less durable membranes, and poor insight into the ongoing phenomena inside proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Efforts are being made to optimize the use of precious metals as catalyst layers or find alternatives that can be durable for more than 5000 hours.Computational models are also being developed and studied to get an insight into the shortcomings and provide solutions. The announcement by various companies that they will be producing proton exchange membrane fuel cells-based cars by 2025 has accelerated the current research on proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The breakthrough is urgently needed. The membranes, catalysts, polymer electrolytes, and especially the understanding of diffusion layers, need thorough revision and improvement to achieve the target. This exciting breakthrough volume explores these challenges and offers solutions for the industry. Whether for the student, veteran engineer, new hire, or other industry professionals, this is a must-have for any library.