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Providing an overview of the making of paper from a chemical perspective, this book is an informative and entertaining overview for students and general readers.

This unique book demonstrates the current status, and future potential, of millimetre wavelength (MMW) spectrometry as a means of quantitative analysis of gaseous mixtures.

The book clears up some of the confusion that surrounds the analytical use of supercritical fluids and assists the user in understanding the power and utility of this technique.

This is a tutorial guide to the use and application of the more commonly encountered techniques used in processing and interpreting analytical spectroscopic data.

Research into polymer nanofibers has increased significantly over the last decade, prompting the need for a comprehensive monograph examining the subject as knowledge of their properties and potential applications has increased.

This text is intended to introduce the non-specialist reader to the benefits and limitations of polymeric materials from an environmental viewpoint.

This book focuses on solid catalysts based on inorganic supports and covers the emerging area of chemically modified mesoporous solid catalysts.

This book discusses, in relatively simple language, the importance of even minute amounts of certain trace elements for the protection of human health and how insufficiency or excess may produce serious diseases. It also examines the use of metal chelators in the treatment of such diseases.

Written in a non-mathematical way, this book will be welcomed by chemists, physicists and materials scientists in both industry and research.

The book is written in a pragmatic and straight-forward manner and is illustrated throughout with examples of real-world, everyday problems and applications.

Clean Energy presents a broad survey of the energy problems facing society over the coming decades and the prospects for their solution

A comprehensive account of the history of silver in medicine, its clinical benefits and advantages as a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent.

This book, a distillation of information only touched upon in other books, is aimed at undergraduate and postgraduate students, scientists, engineers and industrialists with an interest in the field.

Ionization Methods in Organic Mass Spectrometry is a basic practical guide for scientists of all disciplines who wish to analyse samples by organic mass spectrometry.

This unique book covers all the practical aspects of setting up an HPLC system for high temperature operation.

This book provides a comprehensive review of microporous materials in an easily accessible style offering a valuable source of references over a wide range of topics.

The book is aimed at a wide readership, particularly beer enthusiasts, but it will also be a good source for the serious scholar.

Guiding chromatographers working in regulated industries and helping them to validate their chromatography data systems to meet data integrity, business and regulatory needs. This book is a detailed look at the life cycle and documented evidence required to ensure a system is fit for purpose throughout the lifecycle. Initially providing the regulatory, data integrity and system life cycle requirements for computerised system validation, the book then develops into a guide on planning, specifying, managing risk, configuring and testing a chromatography data system before release. This is followed by operational aspects such as training, integration and IT support and finally retirement. All areas are discussed in detail with case studies and practical examples provided as appropriate. The book has been carefully written and is right up to date including recently released FDA data integrity guidance. It provides detailed guidance on good practice and expands on the first edition making it an invaluable addition to a chromatographer's book shelf.

The emerging field of lipidomics has been made possible because of advances in mass spectrometry, and in particular tandem mass spectrometry of lipid ions generated by electrospray ionization. The ability to carry out basic biochemical studies of lipids using electrospray ionization is predicated upon understanding the behaviour of lipid derived ions following collision induced decomposition and mechanisms of product ion formation. During the past 20 years, a wealth of information has been generated about lipid molecules that are now analysed by mass spectrometry, however there is no central source where one can obtain basic information about how these very diverse biomolecules behave following collisional activation. This book brings together, in one volume, this information so that investigators considering using tandem mass spectrometry to structurally characterize lipids or to quantitate their occurrence in a biological matrix, will have a convenient source to review mechanism of decomposition reactions related to the diversity of lipid structures.A separate chapter is devoted to each of seven major lipid classes including fatty acids, eicosanoids and bioactive lipid mediators, fatty acyl esters and amides, glycerol esters, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and steroids. Mechanistic details are provided for understanding the pathways of formation of major product ions and ions used for structural characterization. In most cases specific ancillary information has been critical to understand the pathways, including isotope labeling and high resolution analysis of precursor and product ions. For a few specific examples such data is missing and pathways are proposed as a means to initiate further mass spectral experiments to prove or disprove pathway hypotheses. While this work largely centres on the lipid biochemistry of animal (mammalian) systems, general principles can be taken from the specific examples and applied to lipid biochemistry found in plants, fungi, prokaryotes and archeal organisms.

The efficient synthesis of heterocycles has become one of the main branches in organic chemistry due to their use in the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals. Current sythentic strategies based on C-H activation methodologies are met with many problems like harsh reaction conditions and low reaction efficiency. Double functionalized chemicals offer a perfect alternative for the synthesis of heterocycles. Heterocycles from Double-Functionalized Arenes starts with a short discussion on the importance of heterocycles and a brief introduction on the preparation of double-functionalized arenes. Specific chapters then look at five-membered heterocycles synthesis, six-membered heterocycles synthesis and macroheterocycles synthesis.This is the first book dedicated to the topic of transition metal catalyzed coupling reactions of double functionalized arenes in heterocycle synthesis and can be used as a handbook for senior researchers and as an introduction for organic chemistry students.

Covering computational tools in drug design using techniques from chemoinformatics, molecular modelling and computational chemistry, this book explores these methodologies and applications of in silico medicinal chemistry. The first part of the book covers molecular representation methods in computing in terms of chemical structure, together with guides on common structure file formats. The second part examines commonly used classes of molecular descriptors. The third part provides a guide to statistical learning methods using chemical structure data, covering topics such as similarity searching, clustering and diversity selection, virtual library design, ligand docking and de novo design. The final part of the book summarises the application of methods to the different stages of drug discovery, from target ID, through hit finding and hit-to-lead, to lead optimisation. This book is a practical introduction to the subject for researchers new to the fields of chemoinformatics, molecular modelling and computational chemistry.

Polyrotaxane is a necklace-like supramolecule in which many cyclic molecules are threaded into a single polymer chain and can be cross-linked to produce functional polymeric materials. The resulting materials have movable cross-linking giving unique properties different from other polymer networks with fixed covalent bonds gaining much attention for new films, elastomers and coatings.Polyrotaxane and Slide-Ring Materials is the first book to cover the fundamentals and applications of these molecules and materials. After a general introduction, the first part of the book covers the thermodynamics of inclusion complex formation and sliding transition in polyrotaxane, followed by different synthesis techniques of polyrotaxane and slide-ring materials. The book then addresses different scattering methods for structural analysis followed by chapters on the electric and optical properties of polyrotaxane as well as the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of slide-ring materials. The final part of the book contains different chapters on their applications including gels elastomers and resins.Authored by the inventor of slide-ring materials, it will appeal to students, researchers, and engineers in supramolecular chemistry, polymer chemistry and polymer physics.

There is great commercial interest in hyperbranched polymers from manufacturers of polymer formulations, additives and coatings, polymer electronics and pharmaceuticals. However, these polymers are difficult to characterize due to their very complex, multidimensional distribution and there is a great need to understand how to control their synthesis to obtain certain material properties. Hyperbranched Polymers is the first book to examine in detail the recent advances in hyperbranched polymers. Focusing on the structural characterization of hyperbranched polymers, the book summarizes the research in the field and makes a direct correlation between the chemical structure and global molecular properties. This correlation is essential for understanding the structure-properties relation and fills the gap between the synthetic advances and physico-chemical understanding of this polymer class. Written by acknowledged experts in the field, the book will appeal to both scientists working in fundamental research, as well as industrial manufacturers of dendritic polymers.

Supramolecular chemistry provides a versatile approach for modifying the structure and function of surfaces, including the formation of clusters, monolayers and films. This can be used in a variety of applications from porous surface systems, to modifiers of interface energy and sensor-based systems.Supramolecular Chemistry at Surfaces covers different methods of preparing and studying self-assembled structures at surfaces and interfaces. The book starts with a general introduction concerning the nature of surfaces followed by specific sections discussing different techniques to characterise surface-based supramolecular systems. Each chapter then goes on to address different surface systems including the surface of water; physisorbed layers at interfaces; chemisorbed layers at interfaces; polyelectrolyte systems; thin films; dynamic systems; and patterning.Written by a leading expert in the field, this is the first book to give a multidisciplinary view of the supramolecular aspects of interfaces providing the reader with an objective summary of all the deposition methods and their characterisation. The book will appeal to students and researchers in supramolecular chemistry, nanoscience, polymer chemistry and physics, surface science and materials science.

Almost 100 years have passed since Trautz and Lewis put forward their collision theory of molecular processes. Today, knowledge of molecular collisions forms a key part of predicting and understanding chemical reactions. This book begins by setting out the classical and quantum theories of atom-atom collisions. Experimentally observable aspects of the scattering processes; their relationship to reaction rate constants and the experimental methods used to determine them are described. The quantum mechanical theory of reactive scattering is presented and related to experimental observables. The role of lasers in the measurement and analysis of reactive molecular collisions is also discussed. Written with postgraduates and newcomers to the field in mind, mathematics is kept to a minimum, and readers are guided to appendices and further reading to gain a deeper understanding of the mathematics involved.

This book aims to understand the main aspects of non-covalent chemistry (mainly in the gas phase) and specifically compares the experimental and theoretical data available for non-covalent complexes and subsequent problems associated with this comparison. The book is authored by an experimentalist (KMD) and theorist (PH), and their main philosophy in writing together is that any book on non-covalent interactions cannot be limited either to theory or experiment. Both approaches are nowadays so closely connected that one cannot exist without the other and vice versa and their mutual connection provides the consistent description of non-covalent processes in our world. This book will be of great assistance to researchers engaged in both theoretical and experimental aspects of non-covalent bonding and in macro- and supermolecular chemistry.

Nanochemistry offers the unique chance to work with almost all the elements of the periodic system to try to solve problems with new materials in architecture, medicine and electronics. This book draws together the published material on nanochemistry from 2005-2008, choosing each important element of the periodic table, summarising relevant general properties and then detailing the findings. Coverage is aimed at materials researchers and the authors intend to bring the reader up-to-date with information which could alter the use of materials in an industry setting.

The goal of this book is to show the high potential of chiral sulfur-containing ligands to promote numerous asymmetric catalytic transformations. The important number of reports appeared in the literature over the last 35 years often highlighted spectacular results in terms of efficiency and enantioselectivity, allowing access to many biologically important molecules, which clearly demonstrates that these ligands can now be recognised as real competitors to the more usual phosphorus- or nitrogen-containing ligands. A key point of reference for post-graduate students, researchers and academics.

Solar photovoltaics is one of the most promising renewable energy technologies, producing electricity on site directly from the solar radiation without harming the environment and depletion of materials. The Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal (BIPVT) system is a technology which merges PV and thermal systems, simultaneously providing both electric and thermal energy. Through this combination more energy is generated per unit surface area in comparison to the standalone photovoltaics system. Benefits of the BIPVT system include significantly increased electrical performance, faster payback than traditional systems, negligible impact on the environment and the product is easier and less expensive to install with low maintenance required. This book describes the recent developments in PV technologies, solar radiation available on the earth, various BIPVT systems and their applications, energy and exergy analysis, carbondioxide migration and credit earned, life cycle cost analysis and life cycle conversion efficiency. Presently there is no single book which covers all the basic and the advanced concepts related to the implementation of solar energy for the passive heating and cooling of the building. In addition to the basic concepts, the book includes the technology advances, modelling and analysis and ongoing research in the area of BIPVT. Key features of book include: -Solar heating and cooling concepts -Thermal comfort -Performance analysis of BIPVT system -Worldwide case studies -Energy payback period -Techno-economics and sustainability of the system The book, written by experts in the field with years of research and teaching, is intended for the specialists, scientists and people involved in research in the disciplines of renewable energy, energy studies, building energy or carbon credit. For the practicing professional, advanced senior or graduate student with work experience, the book should be used as part of an integrative program enabling them to make deep linkages and thus better decisions in the professional world.

This unique book is the first treatment of nanotechnology as the science controlled by the behaviour of thermodynamic small systems. It provides comprehensive discussions on fullerenes as building blocks, Raman spectroscopy as a powerful diagnostic tool, and nanotechnology as the technology bridging the gap between human-made and biological materials systems. Aimed at graduate students, scientists, researchers, and educators interested in academia, government and industry, the text is divided into four chapters. The first covers the potential of nanotechnology to develop a better, deeper understanding of the physical and chemical phenomena observed in natural systems. It also contains a section introducing nanotechnology to the public in simple, non-scientific terms. The second chapter is devoted to Raman spectroscopy and could in itself serve as a basis for a short course on its applications in materials science. The third section covers fullerenes and presents their history and development as well as discussing the structure and production of zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, and two-dimensional fullerenes. The fourth and final chapter serves as a correlation discussion and over view. It emphasizes the unique nano-phenomena exhibited by the fullerene systems as carbon based nanostructured systems. This chapter, and therefore the book, concludes with a discussion on the potential of nano-science and technology to shape the future of human society.